William Smith's Bible Dictionary is in the Public Domain and available to all. Download a free Text or HTML copy from our Christian Home Page.
~ H ~
Smith's Bible Dictionary
Top of Page |
Table of Contents
Haahashtari
(the courier), a man or a family immediately descended from
Ashur. "father of Tekoa," by his second wife Naarah. (1
Chronicles 4:6) (B.C. after 1450.)
Habaiah, Or Habajah
(whom Jehovah hides). Bene-Habaiah were among the sons of the
priests who returned from Babylon with Zerubbabel. (Ezra 2:61;
Nehemiah 7:63) (B.C. before 459).
Habakkuk Or Habakkuk
(embrace), the eighth in order of the minor prophets. Of the
facts of the prophet's life we have no certain information. He
probably lived about the twelfth or thirteenth year of Josiah,
B.C. 630 or 629.
Habakkuk, Prophecy Of
consists of three chapters, in the first of which he
foreshadows the invasion of Judea by the Chaldeans, and in the
second he foretells the doom of the Chaldeans. The whole
concludes with the magnificent psalm in ch. 3, a composition
unrivalled for boldness of conception, sublimity of thought and
majesty of diction.
Habaziniah
(light of Jehovah), apparently the head of one of the families
of the Rechabites. (Jeremiah 35:3) (B.C. before 589.)
Habergeon
a coat of mail covering the neck and breast. [[579]Arms, Armor]
Habor
(beautiful banks), the "river of Gozan," (2 Kings 17:6) and
2Kin 18:11 Is identified beyond all reasonable doubt with the
famous affluent of the Euphrates, which is called Aborrhas and
Chaboras by ancient writers, and now Khabour.
Hachaliah
(whom Jehovah enlightens), the father of Nehemiah. (Nehemiah
1:1; 10:1)
Hachilah, The Hill
a hill apparently situated in a wood in the wilderness or waste
land in the neighborhood of Ziph, in Judah, in the fastnesses
or passes of which David and his six hundred followers were
lurking when the Ziphites informed Saul of his whereabouts. (1
Samuel 23:19) comp. 1Sam 23:14,15,18
Hachmoni
(wise) Son of, and The Hach'monite. (1 Chronicles 11:11; 27:32)
Hachmon or Hachmoni was no doubt the founder of a family to
which these men belonged: the actual father of Jashobeam was
Zabdiel, (1 Chronicles 27:2) and he is also said to have
belonged to the Korhites. (1 Chronicles 12:6) (B.C. before
1046.)
Hadad
(mighty), originally the indigenous appellation of the sun
among the Syrians, and thence transferred to the king as the
highest of earthly authorities. The title appears to have been
an official one, like Pharaoh. It is found occasionally in the
altered form Hadar. (Genesis 25:15; 36:39) compared with 1Chr
1:30,50
+ Son of Ishmael. (Genesis 25:15; 1 Chronicles 1:30)
+ A king of Edom who gained an important victory over the
Midianites on the field of Moab. (Genesis 36:35; 1 Chronicles
1:46)
+ Also a king of Edom, with Pau for his capital. (1 Chronicles
1:50)
+ A member of the royal house Or Edom. (1 Kings 11:14) ff. In
his childhood he escaped the massacre under Joab, and fled
with a band of followers into Egypt. Pharaoh, the predecessor
of Solomon's father-in-law, treated him kindly, and gave him
his sister-in-law in marriage. After David's death Hadad
resolved to attempt the recovery of his dominion. He left
Egypt and returned to his own country.
Hadadezer
(2 Samuel 8:3-12; 1 Kings 11:23). [[580]Hadarezer]
Hadadrimmon
is, according to the ordinary interpretation of (12:11) a place
in the valley of Megiddo (a part of the plain of Esdraelon, six
miles from Mount Carmel and eleven from Nazareth), where a
national lamentation was held for the death of King Josiah. It
was named after two Syrian idols.
Hadar
[[581]Hadad]
Hadarezer
(Hadad's help), son of Rehob, (2 Samuel 8:3) the king of the
Aramite state of Zobah, who was pursued by David and defeated
with great loss. (1 Chronicles 18:3,4) (B.C. 1035.) After the
first repulse of the Ammonites and their Syrian allies by Joab,
Hadarezer sent his army to the assistance of his kindred the
people of Maachah, Rehob and Ishtob. (1 Chronicles 19:16; 2
Samuel 10:15) comp. 2Sam 10:8 Under the command of Shophach or
Shobach, the captain of the host, they crossed the Euphrates,
joined the other Syrians, and encamped at a place called Helam.
David himself came from Jerusalem to take the command of the
Israelite army. As on the former occasion, the route was
complete.
Hadashah
(new), one of the towns of Judah, in the maritime low country,
(Joshua 16:37) only, probably the [582]Adasa of the Maccabean
history.
Hadassah
(myrtle), probably the earlier name of Esther. (Esther 2:7)
Hadattah
(new). According to the Authorized Version, one of the towns of
Judah in the extreme south. (Joshua 15:25)
Hades
in Revised Version. [See [583]Hell]
Hadid
(sharp), a place named, with Lod (Lydda) and Ono, only in the
later books of the history. (Ezra 2:33; Nehemiah 7:37; 11:34)
In the time of Eusebius a town called Aditha or Adatha existed
to the east of Diospolis (Lydda). This was probably Hadid.
Hadlai
(rest of God), a man of Ephraim. (2 Chronicles 28:12)
Hadoram
(noble honor).
+ The fifth son of Joktan. (Genesis 10:27; 1 Chronicles 1:21)
His settlements, unlike those of many of Joktan's sons, have
not been identified.
+ Son of Tou or Toi king of Hamath; his father's ambassador to
congratulate David on his victory over Hadarezer king of
Zobah. (1 Chronicles 18:10) (B.C. 1035.)
+ The form assumed in Chronicles by the name of the intendant
of taxes under David, Solomon and Rehoboam. (2 Chronicles
10:18) In Kings the name is given in the longer form of
[584]Adoniram, but in Samuel, (2 Samuel 20:24) as
[585]Adoram.
Hadrach
(dwelling), a country of Syria, mentioned once only, by the
prophet Zechariah. (Zechariah 9:1) The addition of the
district, with its borders, is here generally stated; but the
name itself seems to have wholly disappeared. It still remains
unknown.
Haga Bah
under which it is found in the parallel list of (Ezra 2:45)
Hagab
(locust). Bene-Hagab were among the Nethinim who returned from
Babylon with Zerubbabel. (Ezra 2:46) (B.C. before 536.)
Hagaba
(locust). Bene Hagaba were among the Nethinim who came back
from captivity with Zerubbabel. (Nehemiah 7:48) The name is
slightly different in form from
Hagar
(flight), an Egyptian woman, the handmaid or slave of Sarah,
(Genesis 16:1) whom the latter gave as a concubine to Abraham,
after he had dwelt ten years in the land of Canaan and had no
children by Sarah. ch (Genesis 16:2,3) (B.C. 1912.) When Hagar
saw that she had conceived, "her mistress was despised in her
eyes," v. 4, and Sarah, with the anger, we may suppose, of a
free woman rather than of a wife, reproached Abraham for the
results of her own act. Hagar fled, turning her steps toward
her native land through the great wilderness traversed by the
Egyptian road. By the fountain in the way to Shur the angel of
the Lord found her, charged her to return and submit herself
under the hands of her mistress, and delivered the remarkable
prophecy respecting her unborn child recorded in vs. 10-12. On
her return she gave birth to Ishmael, and Abraham was then
eighty-six years old. When Ishmael was about sixteen years old,
he was caught by Sarah making sport of her young son Isaac at
the festival of his weaning, and Sarah demanded the expulsion
of Hagar and her son. She again fled toward Egypt, and when in
despair at the want of water, an angel again appeared to her,
pointed out a fountain close by, and renewed the former
promises to her. (Genesis 21:9-21) St. Paul, (Galatians 4:25)
refers to her as the type of the old covenant of the law.
Hagarenes, Hagarites
(named after Hagar), a people dwelling to the east of
Palestine, with whom the tribes of Reuben made war in the time
of Saul. (1 Chronicles 5:10,18-20) The same people, as
confederate against Israel, are mentioned in (Psalms 83:6) It
is generally believed that they were named after Hagar, and
that the important town and district of Hejer, on the borders
of the Persian Gulf, represent them.
Hagerite, The
Jaziz the Hagerite, i.e. the descendant of Hagar, had the
charge of David's sheep. (1 Chronicles 27:31)
Haggai
(festive), the tenth in order of the minor prophets, and first
of those who prophesied after the captivity. With regard to his
tribe and parentage history and tradition are alike silent.
Haggai, Prophecy Of
The style of Haggai is generally tame and prosaic, though at
times it rises to the dignity of severe invective when the
prophet rebukes his countrymen for their selfish indolence and
neglect of God's house. But the brevity of the prophecies is so
great, and the poverty of expression which characterizes them
so striking, as to give rise to a conjecture, not without
reason, that in their present form they are but the outline or
summary of the original discourses. They were delivered in the
second year of Darius Hystaspes (B.C. 620), at intervals from
the 1st day of the 6th month to the 24th day of the 9th month
in the same year.
Haggeri
(wanderer) was one of the mighty men of David's guard,
according to (1 Chronicles 11:38) The parallel passage-- (2
Samuel 23:36)--has "Bani the Gadite," which is probably the
correct reading. (B.C. 1046.)
Haggi
(festive), second son of Gad. (Genesis 46:16; Numbers 26:15)
Haggiah
(festival of Jehovah), a Merarite Levite. (1 Chronicles 6:30)
Haggites, The
a Gadite family sprung from Haggi. (Numbers 26:15)
Haggith
(festive; a dancer), one of David's wives, the mother of
Adonijah. (2 Samuel 3:4; 1 Kings 1:6) (B.C. 1053.)
Hai
Same as [586]Ai.
Hair
The Hebrews were fully alive to the importance of the hair as
an element of personal beauty. Long hair was admired in the
case of young men. (2 Samuel 14:26) In times of affliction the
hair was altogether cut off. (Isaiah 3:17,24; 15:2; Jeremiah
7:29) Tearing the hair (Ezra 9:3) and letting it go dishevelled
were similar tokens of grief. The usual and favorite color of
the hair was black, (Song of Solomon 5:11) as is indicated in
the comparisons in (Song of Solomon 1:5; 4:1) a similar hue is
probably intended by the purple of (Song of Solomon 7:6) Pure
white hair was deemed characteristic of the divine Majesty.
(Daniel 7:9; Revelation 1:14) The chief beauty of the hair
consisted in curls, whether of a natural or an artificial
character. With regard to the mode of dressing the hair, we
have no very precise information; the terms used are of a
general character, as of Jezebel, (2 Kings 9:30) and of Judith,
ch. 10:3, and in the New Testament, (1 Timothy 2:9; 1 Peter
3:3) The arrangement of Samson's hair into seven locks, or more
properly braids, (Judges 16:13,19) involves the practice of
plaiting, which was also familiar to the Egyptians and Greeks.
The locks were probably kept in their place by a fillet, as in
Egypt. The Hebrews like other nations of antiquity, anointed
the hair profusely with ointments, which were generally
compounded of various aromatic ingredients, (Ruth 3:3; 2 Samuel
14:2; Psalms 23:6; 92:10; Ecclesiastes 9:8) more especially on
occasions of festivity or hospitality. (Luke 7:46) It appears
to have been the custom of the Jews in our Saviour's time to
swear by the hair, (Matthew 5:36) much as the Egyptian women
still swear by the side-locks, and the men by their beards.
Hakkatan
(young). Johanan son,of Hakkatan, was the chief of the
Bene-Azgad who returned from Babylon with Ezra. (Ezra 8:12)
Hakkoz
(thorn), a priest, the chief of the seventh course in the
service of the sanctuary, as appointed by David. (1 Chronicles
24:10) In (Ezra 2:61) and Nehe 3:4,21 The name occurs again as
Koz in the Authorized Version.
Hakupha
(bent). Bene-Hakupha were among the Nethinim who returned from
Babylon with Zerubbabel. (Ezra 2:61; Nehemiah 7:63)
Halah
is probably a different place from the Calah of (Genesis 10:11)
It may be identified with the Chalcitis of Ptolemy.
Halak
(smooth), The mount, a mountain twice, and twice only, named,
was the southern limit of Joshua's conquests, (Joshua 11:17;
12:7) but which has not yet been identified.
Halhul
(trembling), a town of Judah in the mountain district. (Joshua
16:68) The name still remains unaltered attached to a
conspicuous hill a mile to the left of the road from Jerusalem
to Hebron, between three and four miles from the latter.
Hali
(necklace), a town on the boundary of Asher, named between
Helkath and Beten. (Joshua 19:25)
Hall
used of the court of the high priest's house. (Luke 22:55) In
(Matthew 27:27) and Mark 15:16 "Hall" is synonymous with
"praetorium," which in (John 18:28) is in Authorized Version
"judgment hall."
Hallelujah
(praise ye the Lord). [[587]Alleluia]
Hallohesh
(enchanter), one of the chief of the people who sealed the
covenant with Nehemiah. (Nehemiah 10:24) (B.C. 410.)
Halohesh
Shallum, son of Halohesh was "ruler of the half part of
Jerusalem" at the time of the repair of the wall by Nehemiah.
(Nehemiah 3:12) (B.C. 446.)
Haltil
(doubtful). Bene-Hattil were among the children of Solomon's
slaves "who came back from captivity with Zerubbabel. (Ezra
2:57; Nehemiah 7:59) (B.C. 536.)
Ham
(hot; sunburnt).
+ The name of one of the three sons of Noah, apparently the
second in age. (B.C. 2448.) Of the history of Ham nothing is
related except his irreverence to his father and the curse
which that patriarch pronounced. The sons of Ham are stated,
to have been "Cush and Mizraim and Phut and Canaan." (Genesis
10:6) comp. 1Chr 1:8 Egypt is recognized as the "land of Ham"
in the Bible. (Psalms 78:51; 105:23; 106:22) The other
settlements of the sons of Ham are discussed under their
respective names. The three most illustrious Hamite
nations--the Cushites, the Phoenicians and the
Egyptians--were greatly mixed with foreign peoples. Their
architecture has a solid grandeur that we look for in vain
elsewhere.
+ According to the present text, (Genesis 14:5) Chedorlaomer
and his allies smote the Zuzim in a place called Ham,
probably in the territory of the Ammonites (Gilead), east of
the Jordan.
Haman
(magnificent), the chief minister or vizier of King Ahasuerus.
(Esther 3:1) (B.C. 473.) After the failure of his attempt to
cut off all the Jews in the Persian empire, he was hanged on
the gallows which he had erected for Mordecai. The Targum and
Josephus interpret the inscription of him--the Agagite--as
signifying that he was of Amalekitish descent. The Jews hiss
whenever his name is mentioned on the day of Purim.
Hamath
(fortress), the principal city of upper Syria, was situated in
the valley of the Orontes, which it commanded from the low
screen of hills which forms the water-shed between the source
of the Orontes and Antioch. The Hamathites were a Hamitic race,
and are included among the descendants of Canaan. (Genesis
10:18) Nothing appears of the power of Hamath until the time of
David. (2 Samuel 8:9) Hamath seems clearly to have been
included in the dominions of Solomon. (1 Kings 4:21-24) The
"store-cities" which Solomon "built in Hamath," (2 Chronicles
8:4) were perhaps staples for trade. In the Assyrian
inscriptions of the time of Ahab (B.C. 900) Hamath appears as a
separate power, in alliance with the Syrians of Damascus, the
Hittites and the Phoenicians. About three-quarters of a century
later Jeroboam the Second "recovered Hamath." (2 Kings 14:28)
Soon afterwards the Assyrians took it, (2 Kings 18:34; 19:13)
etc., and from this time it ceased to be a place of much
importance. Antiochus Epiphanes changed its name to Epiphaneia.
The natives, however, called it Hamath even in St. Jerome's
time, and its present name, Hamah, is but slightly altered from
the ancient form.
Hamathite, The
one of the families descended from Canaan, named last in the
list. (Genesis 10:18; 1 Chronicles 1:16)
Hamathzobah
(fortress of Zobah), (2 Chronicles 8:3) has been conjectured to
be the same as Hamath. But the name Hamath-Zobah would seem
rather suited to another Hamath which was distinguished from
the "Great Hamath" by the suffix "Zobah."
Hammath
(warm springs), one of the fortified cities in the territory
allotted to Naphtali. (Joshua 19:35) It was near Tiberias, one
mile distant, and had its name Chammath, "hot baths," because
it contained those of Tiberias. In the list of Levitical cities
given out of Naphtali, (Joshua 21:32) the name of this place
seems to be given as HAMMOTH-DOR.
Hammedatha
(double), father of the infamous Haman. (Esther 3:1,10; 8:5;
9:24)
Hammelech
lit. "the king, " unnecessarily rendered in the Authorized
Version as a proper name. (Jeremiah 36:26; 38:6)
Hammoleketh
(the queen), a daughter of Machir and sister of Gilead. (1
Chronicles 7:17,18) (B.C. between 1706 and 1491.)
Hammon
(warm springs).
+ A city in Asher, (Joshua 19:28) apparently not far from
Zidon-rabbah.
+ A city allotted out of the tribe of Naphtali to the Levites,
(1 Chronicles 6:76) and answering to the somewhat similar
names [588]Hammath and HAMMOTH-DOR in Joshua.
Hammothdor
(dwelling of the warm springs). [[589]Hammath]
Hamonah
(multitude), the name of a city mentioned in Ezekiel. (Ezekiel
39:16)
Hamongog
(the multitude of God), The valley of, the name to be bestowed
on the ravine or glen, previously known as "the ravine of the
passengers on the east of the sea," after the burial there of
"God and all his multitude." (Ezekiel 39:11,15)
Hamor
(an ass), a Hivite who at the time of the entrance of Jacob on
Palestine was prince of the land and city of Shechem. (Genesis
33:19; 34:2,4,6,8,13,18,20,24,26) (B.C. 1737.) [[590]Dinah]
Hamuel
(heat, i.e. wrath, of God), a man of Simeon, of the family of
Shaul. (1 Chronicles 4:26)
Hamul
(pitied), the younger son of Pharez, Judah's son by Tamar.
(Genesis 46:12; 1 Chronicles 2:5) (B.C. between 1706-1688.)
Hamulites, The
the family of the preceding. (Numbers 26:21)
Hamutal
(akin to the dew), daughter of Jeremiah of Libnah; one of the
wives of King Josiah. (2 Kings 23:31; 24:18; Jeremiah 52:1)
(B.C. 632-619.)
Hanameel
(whom God graciously gave), son of Shallum and cousin of
Jeremiah. (Jeremiah 32:7,8,9,12) and comp. Jere 32:44 (B.C.
589.)
Hanan
(merciful).
+ One of the chief people of the tribe of Benjamin. (1
Chronicles 8:23)
+ The last of the six sons of Azel, a descendant of Saul. (1
Chronicles 8:38; 9:44) (B.C. 588.)
+ "Son of Maachah," i.e. possibly a Syrian of Aram-maachah, one
of the heroes of David's guard. (1 Chronicles 11:43) (B.C.
1046).
+ The sons of Hanan were among the Nethinim who returned from
Babylon with Zerubbabel. (Ezra 2:46; Nehemiah 7:49) (B.C.
536).
+ One of the Levites who assisted Ezra in his public exposition
of the law. (Nehemiah 8:7) (B.C. 446.) The same person is
probably mentioned in ch. (Nehemiah 10:10)
+ One of the "heads" of "the people," who also sealed the
covenant. (Nehemiah 10:22) (B.C. 410.)
+ Another of the chief laymen on the same occasion. (Nehemiah
10:26)
+ Son of Zaccur, son of Mattaniah, whom Nehemiah made one of
the store. keepers of the provisions collected as tithes.
(Nehemiah 13:13)
+ Son of Igdaliah. (Jeremiah 35:4) (B.C. 410.)
Hananeel
(whom God graciously gave), The tower of, a tower which formed
part of the wall of Jerusalem (Nehemiah 3:1; 12:39) From these
two passages, particularly from the former, it might almost be
inferred that Hananeel was but another name for the tower of
Meah; at any rate they were close together, and stood between
the sheep-gate and the fish-gate. This tower is further
mentioned in (Jeremiah 31:38) The remaining passage in which it
is named, (Zechariah 14:10) also connects this tower with the
"corner-gate," which lay on the other side of the sheep-gate.
Hanani
(gracious).
+ One of the sons of Heman, and head of the eighteenth course
of the service. (1 Chronicles 25:4,25)
+ A seer who rebuked (B.C. 941) Asa king of Judah. (2
Chronicles 16:7) For this he was imprisoned. ver. 10 He or
another Hanani was the father of Jehu the seer, who testified
against Baasha, (1 Kings 16:1,7) and Jehoshaphat. (2
Chronicles 19:2; 20:34)
+ One of the priests who in the time of Ezra had taken strange
wives. (Ezra 10:20)
+ A brother of Nehemiah, (Nehemiah 1:2) who was made governor
of Jerusalem under Nehemiah. Ch. (Nehemiah 7:2)
+ A priest mentioned in (Nehemiah 12:36)
Hananiah
(gift of God).
+ One of the fourteen sons of Heman, and chief of the sixteenth
course of singers. (1 Chronicles 25:4,5,23) (B.C. 1014.)
+ A general in the army of King Uzziah. (2 Chronicles 26:11)
+ Father of Zedekiah, in the reign of Jehoiakim. (B.C. before
605.)
+ Son of Azur, a Benjamite of Gibeon and a false prophet in the
reign of Zedekiah king of Judah. In the fourth year of his
reign, B.C. 595, Hananiah withstood Jeremiah the prophet, and
publicly prophesied in the temple that within two years
Jeconiah and all his fellow captives with the vessels of the
Lord's house, should be brought back to Jerusalem. (Jeremiah
28:1) ... Hananiah corroborated his prophecy by taking from
off the neck of Jeremiah the yoke which he wore by divine
command. (Jeremiah 27:1) ... and breaking it. But Jeremiah
was bidden to go tell Hananiah that for the wooden yokes
which he had broken he should make yokes of iron, so firm was
the dominion of Babylon destined to he for seventy years. The
prophet Jeremiah added to this rebuke the prediction of
Hananiah's death, the fulfillment of which closes the history
of this false prophet.
+ Grandfather of Irijah, the captain of the ward at the gate of
Benjamin who arrested Jeremiah on the charge of deserting to
the Chaldeans. (Jeremiah 37:13) (B.C. before 589.)
+ Head of a Benjamite house. (1 Chronicles 8:24)
+ The Hebrew name of Shadrach. He was of the house of David,
according to Jewish tradition (Daniel 1:3,6,7,11,19; 2:17)
+ Son of Zerubbabel, (1 Chronicles 3:19) from whom Christ
derived his descent. He is the same person who is by St. Luke
called Joanna. (B.C. after 536.)
+ One of the sons of Bebai who returned with Ezra from Babylon
(Ezra 10:28) (B.C. 459.)
+ A priest, one of the makers of the sacred ointments and
incense, who built a portion of the wall of Jerusalem in the
days of Nehemiah.
+ Head of the priestly course of Jeremiah in the days of
Joiakim. (Nehemiah 12:12) (B.C. 610.)
+ Ruler of the palace at Jerusalem under Nehemiah. The
arrangements for guarding the gates of Jerusalem were
intrusted to him with Hanani the Tirshatha's brother.
(Nehemiah 7:2,3) (B.C. 446.)
+ An Israelite. (Nehemiah 10:23)
Hananiel
(the favor of God), son of Ephod and prince of Manasseh.
(Numbers 34:23)
Handicraft
(Acts 18:3; 19:25; Revelation 18:22) A trade was taught to ail
the Jewish boys as a necessary part of their education. Even
the greatest rabbis maintained themselves by trades
(Delitzsch). Says Rabbi Jehuda, "He who does not teach his son
a trade is much the same as if he taught him to be a thief". In
the present article brief notice only can be given of such
handicraft trades as are mentioned in Scripture.
+ Smiths or metal-workers.--The preparation of iron for use
either in war, in agriculture or for domestic purposes was
doubtless one of the earliest applications of labor; and
together with iron, working in brass, or rather copper
alloyed with tin (bronze), is mentioned as practiced in
antediluvian times. (Genesis 4:22) After the establishment of
the Jews in Canaan, the occupation of a smith became
recognized as a distinct employment- (1 Samuel 13:19) The
smith's work and its results are often mentioned in
Scripture. (2 Samuel 12:31; 1 Kings 6:7; 2 Chronicles 26:14;
Isaiah 44:12; 54:16) The worker in gold and silver must have
found employment among both the Hebrews and the neighboring
nations in very early times. (Genesis 24:22,53; 35:4; 38:18)
Various processes of the goldsmith's work are illustrated by
Egyptian monuments. After the conquest frequent notices are
found of both moulded and wrought metal, including soldering.
+ Carpenters are often mentioned in Scripture. (Genesis 6:14;
Exodus 37; Isaiah 44:13) In the palace built by David for
himself the workmen employed were chiefly foreigners. (2
Samuel 5:11) That the Jewish carpenters must have been able
to carve with some skill is evident from (Isaiah 41:7; 44:13)
In the New Testament the occupation of a carpenter is
mentioned in connection with Joseph the husband of the Virgin
Mary, and ascribed to our Lord himself. (Matthew 13:55; Mark
6:3) The trade included our cabinet work as well as
carpentering.
+ The masons employed by David and Solomon, at least the chief
of them, were Phoenicians. (1 Kings 5:18; Ezekiel 27:9) The
large stones used in Solomon's temple are said by Josephus to
have been fitted together exactly without either mortar or
clamps, but the foundation stones to have been fastened with
lead. For ordinary building mortar was used; sometimes,
perhaps, bitumen, as was the case at Babylon. (Genesis 11:3)
The wall "daubed with untempered mortar" of (Ezekiel 13:10)
was perhaps a sort of cob-wall of mud or clay without lime,
which would give way under heavy rain. The use of whitewash
on tombs is remarked by our Lord. (Matthew 23:27)
+ Ship-building must have been exercised to some extent for the
fishing-vessels on the Lake of Gennesaret. (Matthew 8:23;
9:1; John 21:3,8) Solomon built ships for his foreign trade.
(1 Kings 9:26,27; 22:48; 2 Chronicles 20:36,37)
+ Apothecaries or perfumers appear to have formed a guild or
association. (Exodus 30:25,35; 2 Chronicles 16:14; Nehemiah
3:8; Ecclesiastes 7:1; 10:1) Ecclus 38:8.
+ Weavers .--The arts of spinning and weaving both wool and
linen were carried on in early times, as they usually are
still among the Bedouins, by women. (Exodus 35:20,26;
Leviticus 19:19; 22:11; 2 Kings 23:7; Ezekiel 16:16; Proverbs
31:13,14) The loom with its beam, (1 Samuel 17:7) pin,
(Judges 16:14) and shuttles (Job 7:6) was perhaps introduced
later, but as early as David's time. (1 Samuel 17:7)
+ Dyeing and dressing cloth were practiced in Palestine, as
were also tanning and dressing leather . (Joshua 2:15-18; 2
Kings 1:8; Matthew 3:4; Acts 9:43)
+ Barbers . (Numbers 6:5,19; Ezekiel 5:1)
+ Tentmakers are noticed in (Acts 18:3)
+ Potters are frequently alluded to. (Jeremiah 18:2-6)
+ Bakers are noticed in Scripture, (Jeremiah 37:21; Hosea 7:4)
and the well-known valley Tyropoeon probably derived its name
from the occupation of the cheese-makers, its inhabitants.
+ Butchers, not Jewish, are spoken of (1 Corinthians 10:25)
Shoemakers, tailors, glaziers and glass vessels painters and
gold workers are mentioned in the Mishna. Chel. viii. 9;
xxix. 3,4; xxx. 1.
Handkerchief, Napkin, Apron
(Luke 19:20; John 11:44; 20:7; Acts 19:12) These terms were
used in much the same manner and having much the same
significance as at the present.
Hanes
a place in Egypt mentioned only in (Isaiah 30:4) We think that
the Chald Paraphr. is right in identifying it with Tahpanhes, a
fortified town on the eastern frontier.
Hanging, Hangings
+ The "hanging" was a curtain or 'covering' to close an
entrance; one was placed before the door of the tabernacle.
Exod 26:36,37; 39:38
+ The "hangings"; were used for covering, the walls of the
court of the tabernacles just as tapestry is used in modern
times. (Exodus 27:9; 35:17; 38:9; Numbers 3:26; 4:26)
Haniel
(grace of God), one of the sons of Ulla of the tribe of Asher.
(1 Chronicles 7:39)
Hannah
(grace), one of the wives of Elkanah, and mother of Samuel.
1Sam 1,2 (B.C. 1141.) A hymn of thanks giving for the birth of
her son is in the highest order of prophetic poetry, its
resemblance to that of the Virgin Mary comp. (1 Samuel 2:1-10)
with Luke 1:46-55 See also (Psalms 113:1) ... has been noticed.
Hannathon
(gracious), one of the cities of Zebulun. (Joshua 19:14)
Hanoch
(dedicated).
+ The third in order of the children of Midian. (Genesis 25:4)
+ Eldest son of Reuben, (Genesis 46:9; Exodus 6:14; Numbers
26:5; 1 Chronicles 5:3) and founder of the family of the
Hanochites. (Numbers 26:5)
Hanun
(favored).
+ Son of Nahash (2 Samuel 10:1,2; 1 Chronicles 19:1,2) king of
Ammon, who dishonored the ambassadors of David, (2 Samuel
10:4) and involved the Ammonites in a disastrous war, (2
Samuel 12:31; 1 Chronicles 19:6) (B.C. 1035.)
+ A man who, with the people of Zanoah, repaired the ravine
gate in the wall of Jerusalem. (Nehemiah 3:13) (B.C. 446).
+ The sixth son of Zalalph, who also assisted in the repair of
the wall, apparently on the east side. (Nehemiah 3:30) (B.C.
446.)
Haphraim
(two pits), a city of Issachar, mentioned next to Shunem.
(Joshua 19:19) About 6 miles northeast of Lejjun, and two miles
west of Solam (the ancient Shunem), stands the village of el'
Afuleh, which may possibly be the representative of Haphraim.
Hara
(mountain land), (1 Chronicles 5:26) only, is either a place
utterly unknown or it must be regarded as identical with Haran
or Charran.
Haradah
(fear), a desert station of the Israelites, (Numbers 33:24,25)
its position is uncertain.
Haran
(a mountaineer).
+ The third son of Terah, and therefore youngest brother of
Abram. (Genesis 11:26) (B.C. 1926.) Three children are
ascribed to him--Lot, vs. (Genesis 11:27,31) and two
daughters, viz., Milcah, who married her uncle Nahor, ver.
(Genesis 11:29) and Iscah. ver. (Genesis 11:29) Haran was
born in Ur of the Chaldees, and he died there while his
father was still living. ver. (Genesis 11:28)
+ A Gershonite Levite in the time of David, one of the family
of Shimei. (1 Chronicles 23:9)
+ A son of the great Caleb by his concubine Ephah. (1
Chronicles 2:46)
+ HARAN or [591]Charran, (Acts 7:2,4) name of the place whither
Abraham migrated with his family from Ur of the Chaldees, and
where the descendants of his brother Nahor established
themselves. Comp. (Genesis 24:10) with Genesis27:43 It is
said to be in Mesopotamia, (Genesis 24:10) or more definitely
in Padan-aram, ch. (Genesis 25:20) the cultivated district at
the foot of the hills, a name well applying to the beautiful
stretch of country which lies below Mount Masius between the
Khabour and the Euphrates. Here, about midway in this
district, is a small village still called Harran . It was
celebrated among the Romans, under the name of Charrae, as
the scene of the defeat of Crassus.
Hararite
(the mountaineer), The. The destination of three of David's
guard.
+ Agee, a Hararite (2 Samuel 23:11)
+ Shammah the Hararite. (2 Samuel 23:33)
+ Sharar, (2 Samuel 23:33) or Sacar, (1 Chronicles 11:35) the
Hararite, was the father of Ahiam, another member of the
guard.
Harbona
(ass-driver), the third of the seven chamberlains or eunuchs
who served King Ahasuerus. (Esther 1:10) (B.C. 483-475.)
Harbonah
(Esther 7:9) the same as the preceding.
Hare
(Heb. arnebeth) occurs only in (Leviticus 11:6) and Deuteronomy
14:7 Amongst the animals disallowed as food by the Mosaic law.
The hare is at this day called arnel by the Arabs in Palestine
and Syria. It was erroneously thought by the ancient Jews to
have chewed the cud. They were no doubt misled as in the case
of the shaphfan (hyrax), by the habit these animals have of
moving the jaw about.
Harem
[[592]House]
Hareph
(a plucking off), a name occurring in the genealogies of Judah
as a son of Caleb and as "father of Bethgader." (1 Chronicles
2:51) only.
Hareth
(thicket), The forest of, in which David took refuge, after at
the instigation of the prophet Gad, he had quitted the "hold"
or fastness of the cave of Adullam. (1 Samuel 22:6)
Harhaiah
(the Lord is angry), father of Uzziel. (Nehemiah 3:8) (B.C.
before 446.)
Harhur
(inflammation). The sons of Harhur were among the Nethinim who
returned from Babylon with Zerubbabel. (Ezra 2:51; Nehemiah
7:53) (B.C. 623.)
Harim
(flat-nosed).
+ A priest who had charge of the third division in the house of
God. (1 Chronicles 24:8) (B.C. 1014.)
+ Bene-Harim, probably descendants of the above, to the number
of 1017, came from Babylon with Zerubbabel. (Ezra 2:39;
Nehemiah 7:42) (B.C. 536.)
+ It further occurs in a list of the families of priests "who
went up with Zerubbabel and Jeshua," and of those who were
their descendants in the next generation. (Nehemiah 12:16)
+ Another family of Bene-Harim, 320 in number, came from the
captivity in the same caravan. (Ezra 2:82; Nehemiah 7:35)
(B.C. 536.) They also appear among those who had married
foreign wives, (Ezra 10:31) as well as those who sealed the
covenant- (Nehemiah 10:27) (B.C. 410.)
Hariph
(a plucking-off). A hundred and twelve of the Bene-Hariph
returned from the captivity with Zerubbabel. (Nehemiah 7:24)
The name occurs again among the "heads of the people" who
sealed the covenant. ch. (Nehemiah 10:19)
Harlot
That this class of persons existed in the earliest states of
society is clear from (Genesis 38:15) Rahab, (Joshua 2:1) is
said by the Chald. Paraphr. to have been an innkeeper; but if
there were such persons, considering what we know of
Canaanitish morals, (Leviticus 18:27) we may conclude that they
would, if women, have been of this class. The "harlots" are
classed with "publicans," as those who lay under the ban of
society, in the New Testament. (Matthew 21:32)
Harmagedon
(hill of Megiddo), (Revelation 16:16) in the Revised Version
for Armageddon. The change is chiefly Har, hill, in place of
Ar, city.
Harnepher
(panting), one of the sons of Zophah, of the tribe of Asher. (1
Chronicles 7:36)
Harod
(fear), The well of, a spring by which Gideon and his great
army encamped on the morning of the day which ended in the rout
of the Midianites. (Judges 7:1) and where the trial of the
people by their mode of drinking apparently took place. The Ain
Jalud is very suitable to the circumstances, as being at
present the largest spring in the neighborhood.
Harodite, The
the designation of two of the thirty-seven warriors of David's
guard, Shammah and Elika, (2 Samuel 23:25) doubtless denied
from a place named Harod.
Haroeh
a name occurring in the genealogical lists of Judah. (1
Chronicles 2:52)
Harorite
(the same as Harodite) The, the title given to Shammoth, one of
the warriors of David's guard. (1 Chronicles 11:27)
Harosheth
(workmanship) "of the Gentiles" so called from the mixed races
that inhabited it--a city in the north of the land of Canaan,
supposed to have stood on the west coast of the lake Merom from
which the Jordan issues forth in one unbroken stream. It was
the residence of Sisera captain of Jabin king of Canaan,
(Judges 4:2) and it was the point to which the victorious
Israelites under Barak pursued the discomfited host and
chariots of the second potentate of that name. (Judges 4:16)
Harp
The harp was the national instrument of the Hebrews, and was
well known throughout Asia. Moses assigns its invention to
Jubal during the antediluvian period. (Genesis 4:21) Josephus
records that the harp had ten strings, and that it was played
on with the plectrum. Sometimes it was smaller having only
eight strings, and was usually played with the fingers.
Harphite
(native of Hariph), The, the designation of Shephatiah, one of
the Korhites who repaired to David at Ziklag. (1 Chronicles
12:5) (B.C. 1064.)
Harrow
The word so rendered, (2 Samuel 12:31; 1 Chronicles 20:3) is
probably a threshing-machine. The verb rendered "to harrow,"
(Job 39:10; Isaiah 28:24; Hosea 10:11) expresses apparently the
breaking of the clods, and is so far analogous to our
harrowing--but whether done by any such machine as we call a
"harrow" is very doubtful.
Harsha
(deaf). Bene-Harsha were among the families of Nethinim who
came back from Babylon with Zerubbabel. (Ezra 2:52; Nehemiah
7:54)
Hart
the male stag. The word denotes some member of the deer tribe
either the fallow deer or the Barbary deer. The hart is
reckoned among the clean animals, (12:15; 14:5; 15:22) and
seems from the passages quoted, as well as from (1 Kings 4:23)
to have been commonly killed for food.
Harum
(lofty), father of Aharhel, in one of the most obscure
genealogies of Judah. (1 Chronicles 4:8)
Harumaph
(slit-nosed) father or ancestor of Jedaiah. (Nehemiah 3:10)
Haruz
(zealous), a man of Jotbah, father of Meshullemeth queen of
Manasseh. (2 Kings 21:9) (B.C. before 644.)
Harvest
[[593]Agriculture]
Hasadiah
(loved by Jehovah) one of a group of five persons among the
descendants of the royal line of Judah, (1 Chronicles 3:20)
apparently sons of Zerubbabel. (B.C. about 536.)
Hasenuah
(the hated), a Benjamite, of one of the chief families in the
tribe. (1 Chronicles 9:7)
Hashabiah
(whom God regards).
+ A Merarite Levite. (1 Chronicles 6:45)
+ Another Merarite Levite. (1 Chronicles 9:14)
+ The fourth of the six sons of Jeduthun, (1 Chronicles 25:3)
who had charge of the twelfth course. ver. 19. (B.C. 1014.)
+ One of the descendants of Hebron the son of Kohath- (1
Chronicles 26:30)
+ The son of Kemuel, who was prince of the tribe of Levi in the
time of David (1 Chronicles 27:17) (B.C. 1014.)
+ A Levite one of the "chiefs" of his tribe, who officiated for
King Josiah at his great Passover feast. (2 Chronicles 35:9)
(B.C. 623).
+ A Merarite Levite who accompanied Ezra from Babylon. (Ezra
8:19)
+ One of the chiefs of the priests who formed part of the same
caravan. (Ezra 8:24) (B.C. 536.)
+ Ruler of half the circuit or environs of Keilah; he repaired
a portion of the wall of Jerusalem under Nehemiah. (Nehemiah
3:17) (B.C. 446.)
+ One of the Levites who sealed the covenant of reformation
after the return from the captivity. (Nehemiah 10:11; 12:24)
comp. Nehe 12:26 (B.C. 446-410.)
+ Another Levite, son of Bunni. (Nehemiah 11:15)
+ A Levite, son of Mattaniah. (Nehemiah 11:22)
+ A priest of the family of Hilkiah in the days of Joiakim son
of Jeshua. (Nehemiah 12:21)
Hashabnah
(whom Jehovah regards), one of the chief of the "people" who
sealed the covenant with Nehemiah. (Nehemiah 10:25) (B.C. 410.)
Hashabniah
(whom Jehovah regards).
+ Father of Hattush. (Nehemiah 3:10)
+ A Levite who was among those who officiated at the great fast
under Ezra and Nehemiah when the covenant was sealed.
(Nehemiah 9:5) (B.C. 410.)
Hashbadana
(considerate judge), one of the men (probably Levites) who
stood on Ezra's left hand while he read the law to the people
in Jerusalem. (Nehemiah 8:4) (B.C.410.)
Hashem
(fat). The sons of Hashem the Gizonite are named amongst the
members of David's guard in (1 Chronicles 11:34) (B.C. before
1014.)
Hashmonah
(fatness), a station of the Israelites, mentioned (Numbers
33:29) as next before Moseroth.
Hashub
(intelligent).
+ A son of Pahath-moab, who assisted in the repair of the wall
of Jerusalem. (Nehemiah 3:11) (B.C. 446.)
+ Another who assisted in the same work. (Nehemiah 3:23)
+ One of the heads of the people who sealed the covenant with
Nehemiah. (Nehemiah 10:23) (B.C. 410.)
+ A Merarite Levite. (Nehemiah 11:15)
Hashubah
(intelligent), the first of a group of five men, apparently the
latter half of the family of Zerubbabel. (1 Chronicles 3:20)
Hashum
(rich).
+ Bene-Hashum, 223 in number, came back from Babylon with
Zerubbabel. (Ezra 2:19; 10:33; Nehemiah 7:22) (B.C. before
536.) The chief man of the family was among these who sealed
the covenant with Nehemiah. (Nehemiah 10:18) (B.C. 410.)
+ One of the priests or Levites who stood on Ezra's left hand
while he read the law to the congregation. (Nehemiah 8:4)
(B.C. 410.)
Hashupha
(stripped), one of the families of Nethinim who returned from
captivity in the first caravan (Nehemiah 7:46) Called
[594]Hasupha in (Ezra 2:43) (B.C. 536.)
Hasrah
(very poor), the form in which the name Harhas is given in (2
Chronicles 34:22) comp. 2Kin 22:14
Hassenaah
The Bene-Hassenaah rebuilt the fish-gate in the repair of the
wall of Jerusalem. (Nehemiah 3:3) (B.C. 446.)
Hasshub
[See [595]Hashub]
Hasupha
[See [596]Hashupha]
Hatach
(verily), one of the eunuchs in the court of Ahasuerus. (Esther
4:5,6,9,10) (B.C. 474.)
Hathath
(fearful), one of the sons of Othniel the Kenazite. (1
Chronicles 4:13)
Hatipha
(captive). Bene-Hatipha (i.e. sons of Hatipha) were among the
Nethinim who returned from Babylon with Zerubbabel. (Ezra 2:54;
Nehemiah 7:56) (B.C. 536.)
Hatita
(exploring). Bene-Hatita (i.e. sons of Hatita) were among the
"porters" (i.e. the gate-keepers) who returned from the
captivity with Zerubbabel. (Ezra 2:42; Nehemiah 7:45) (B.C.
536.)
Hattuph
(assembled).
+ A descendant of the kings of Judah apparently one of the sons
of Shechaniah, (1 Chronicles 3:22) in the fourth or fifth
generation from Zerubbabel. A person of the same name
accompanied Ezra from Babylon to Jerusalem. (Ezra 8:2) In
another statement Hattush is said to have returned with
Zerubbabel. (Nehemiah 12:2)
+ Son of Hashabniah. one-of those who assisted Nehemiah in the
repair of the wall of Jerusalem. (Nehemiah 3:10) (B.C. 446.)
Hauran
(caverns), a province of Palestine twice mentioned by Ezekiel.
(Ezekiel 47:16,17) There can be little doubt that it is
identical with the well-known Greek province of Auranitis and
the modern Hauran east of the Sea of Galilee, on the borders of
the desert, in the tetrarchy of Philip.
Havilah
(Genesis 2:11)
+ A part of Eden through which flowed the river Pison (Araxes).
It was probably the Grecian Colchis, in the northeast corner
of Asia Minor, near the Caspian Sea.
+ A district in Arabia Felix, (Genesis 10:7) named from the
second son of Cush; probably the district of Kualan, in the
northwestern part of Yemen.
(circle).
+ A son of Cush. (Genesis 10:7)
+ A son of Joktan. (Genesis 10:29)
Havothjair
(villages of Jair), certain villages on the east of Jordan, in
Gilead or Bashan, which were taken by Jair the son of Manasseh,
and called after his name. (Numbers 32:41; 3:14) In the records
of Manasseh in (Joshua 13:30) and 1Chr 2:23 The Havoth-jair are
reckoned with other districts as making up sixty "cities."
Comp. (1 Kings 4:13) There is apparently some confusion in
these different statements as to what the sixty cities really
consisted of. No less doubtful is the number of the
Havoth-Jair. In (1 Chronicles 2:22) they are specified as
twenty-three, but in (Judges 10:4) as thirty.
Hawk
(Leviticus 11:16; 14:15; Job 39:26) The hawk includes various
species of the Falconidae . With respect to the passage in Job
(l.c.) which appears to allude to the migratory habits of
hawks, it is curious to observe that of the ten or twelve
lesser raptors (hawk tribe) of Palestine, nearly all are summer
migrants. The kestrel remains all the year, but the others are
all migrants from the south.
Hay
(Heb. chatsir), the rendering of the Authorized Version in
(Proverbs 27:25) and Isai 15:6 Of the Hebrew term, which occurs
frequently in the Old Testament, and denotes "grass" of any
kind. It is quite probable that the modern Orientals do not
make hay in our sense of the term; but it is certain that the
ancients did mow their grass, and probably made use of the dry
material. See (Psalms 37:2) We may remark that there is an
express Hebrew term for "dry grass" or "hay," viz. chashash,
which, in the only two places where the word occurs, (Isaiah
5:24; 33:11) is rendered "chaff" in the Authorized Version.
Hazael
(whom God sees), a king of Damascus who reigned from about B.C.
886 to B.C. 840. He appears to have been previously a person in
a high position at the court of Ben-hadad, and was sent by his
master to Elisha to inquire if he would recover from the malady
under which he was suffering. Elisha's answer led to the murder
of Ben-hadad by his ambitious servant, who forthwith mounted
the throne. (2 Kings 8:7-15) He was soon engaged in war with
the kings of Judah and Israel for the possession of the city of
Ramoth-gilead. Ibid. (2 Kings 8:28) Towards the close of the
reign of Jehu, Hazael led the Syrians against the Israelites
(about B.C. 860), whom he "smote in all their coasts," (2 Kings
10:32) thus accomplishing the prophecy of Elisha. Ibid . (2
Kings 8:12) At the close of his life, having taken Gath, ibid.
(2 Kings 12:17) comp. Amos 6:2 He proceeded to attack
Jerusalem, (2 Chronicles 24:24) and was about to assault the
city when Joash bribed him to retire. (2 Kings 12:18) Hazael
appears to have died about the year B.C. 840, (2 Kings 13:24)
having reigned forty-six years.
Hazaiah
(whom Jehovah sees), a man of Judah of the family of the
Shilonites, or descendants of Shelah. (Nehemiah 11:5)
Hazaradar
etc. [[597]Hazer]
Hazarmaveth
(court of death), the third in order of the sons of Joktan
(Genesis 10:26) The name is preserved in the Arabic Hadramawt
and Hadrumawl, the appellation of a province and an ancient
people of southern Arabia. The capital is Satham, a very
ancient city, and its chief ports are Mirbat, Zafari and
Kisheem, from whence a great trade was carried on in ancient
times with India and Africa.
Hazel
The Hebrew term luz occurs only in (Genesis 30:37) Authorities
are divided between the hazel and the almond tree as
representing the luz . The latter is most probably correct.
Hazelelponi
(shade coming upon me), the sister of the sons of Etam in the
genealogies of Judah. (1 Chronicles 4:3)
Hazer
topographically, seems generally employed for the villages of
people. As a proper name it appears in the Authorized Version--
+ In the plural, [598]Hazerim and HAZEBOTH, for which see
below.
+ In the slightly different form of [599]Hazor.
+ In composition with other words:
+ HAZAR-ADDAR (village of Addar), a place named as one of the
landmarks on the southern boundary of the land promised to
Israel. (Numbers 34:4) [600]Adar (Joshua 15:3)
+ HAZAR-ENAN (village of fountains), the place at which the
northern boundary of the land promised to the children of
Israel was to terminate. (Numbers 34:9,10) comp. Ezek 47:17;
48:1
+ HAZAB GADDAH (village of fortune), one of the towns in the
southern district of Judah, (Joshua 15:27) named between
Moladah and Heshmon.
+ HAZAR-SHUAL (village of jackals), a town in the southern
district of Judah, lying between Hazar-gaddah and Beersheba.
(Joshua 15:28; 19:3; 1 Chronicles 4:28)
+ HAZAR-SUSAH (village of horses), one of the "cities" allotted
to Simeon in the extreme south of the territory of Judah.
(Joshua 19:5)
Hazerim
(villages). The Avim, or more accurately the Avvim, are said to
have lived "in the villages (Authorized Version 'Hazerim') as
far as Gaza," (2:23) before their expulsion by the Caphtorim.
Hazeroth
(villages), (Numbers 11:35; 12:16; 33:17; 1:1) a station of the
Israelites in the desert, and perhaps recognizable in the
Arabic Ain Hudhera, forty miles northeast of Sinai.
Hazezontamar
and Haz'azon-ta'mar (pruning of palm trees), the ancient name
of Engedi. (Genesis 14:7) The name occurs in the records of the
reign of Hezekiah. (2 Chronicles 20:2)
Haziel
(union of God), a Levite in the time of David, of the family of
Shi-mei or Shimi, the younger branch of the (Gershonites. (1
Chronicles 23:9) (B.C. 1014.)
Hazo
(vision), a son of Nahor, by Milcah his wife. (Genesis 22:22)
(B.C. about 1900.)
Hazor
(castle).
+ A fortified city, which on the occupation of the country was
allotted to Naphtali. (Joshua 19:36) Its position was
apparently between Ramah and Kedesh, ibid. (Joshua 12:19) on
the high ground overlooking the Lake of Merom. There is no
reason for supposing it a different place from that of which
Jabin was king. (Joshua 11:1; Judges 4:2,17; 1 Samuel 12:9)
It was the principal city of the whole of north Palestine.
(Joshua 11:10) It was fortified by Solomon, (1 Kings 9:15)
and its inhabitants were carried captive by Tiglath-pileser.
(2 Kings 15:29) The most probable site of Hazor is Tell
Khuraibeh .
+ One of the "cities" of Judah in the extreme south, named next
in order to Kedesh. (Joshua 15:23)
+ Hazor-Hadattah = "new Hazor" another of the southern towns of
Judah. (Joshua 15:25)
+ A place in which the Benjamites resided after their return
from the captivity. (Nehemiah 11:33)
Top of Page |
Table of Contents
Headdress
The Hebrews do not appear to have regarded a covering for the
head as an essential article of dress. Hats were unknown. The
earliest notice we have of such a thing is in connection with
the sacerdotal vestments. (Exodus 28:40) The tsaniph (something
like a turban) is noticed as being worn by nobles, (Job 29:14)
ladies, (Isaiah 3:23) and kings, (Isaiah 62:3) while the peer
was an article of holiday dress, (Isaiah 61:3) Authorized
Version "beauty;" (Ezekiel 24:17,23) and was worn at weddings.
(Isaiah 61:10) The ordinary head-dress of the Bedouin consists
of the keffieh, a square handkerchief, generally of red and
yellow cotton or cotton and silk, folded so that three of the
corners hang down over the back and shoulders, leaving the face
exposed, and bound round the head by a cord. It is not
improbable that a similar covering was used by the Hebrews on
certain occasions. The Assyrian head-dress is described in
(Ezekiel 23:15) under the terms "exceeding in dyed attire." The
word rendered "hats" in (Daniel 3:21) properly applies to a
cloak.
Hearth
One way of baking much practiced in the East is to place the
dough on an iron plate, either laid on or supported on legs
above the vessel sunk in the ground, which forms the oven. The
cakes baked "on the hearth" (Genesis 18:6) were probably baked
in the existing Bedouin manner, on hot stones covered with
ashes. The "hearth" of King Jehoiakim's winter palace,
(Jeremiah 36:23) was possibly a pan or brazier of charcoal.
From this we see that the significance of the Hebrew words
translated hearth is not the same as with us.
Heath
(Jeremiah 17:6) was some species of juniper, probably the
savin, a dwarf, stunted juniper which grows in the most sterile
parts of the desert.
Heathen
[[601]Gentiles]
Heaven
There are four Hebrew words thus rendered in the Old Testament
which we may briefly notice.
+ Raki'a, Authorized Version, firmament. [[602]Firmament]
+ Shamayim . This is the word used in the expression "the
heaven and the earth," or "the upper and lower regions."
(Genesis 1:1)
+ Marom, used for heaven in (Psalms 18:16; Isaiah 24:18;
Jeremiah 25:30). Properly speaking it means a mountain as in
(Psalms 102:19; Ezekiel 17:23)
+ Shechakim, "expanses," with reference to the extent of
heaven. (33:26; Job 35:5) St. Paul's expression "third
heaven," (2 Corinthians 12:2) had led to much conjecture.
Grotius said that the Jews divided the heaven into three
parts, viz.,
+ The air or atmosphere, where clouds gather;
+ The firmament, in which the sun, moon and stars are fixed;
+ The upper heaven, the abode of God and his angels, the
invisible realm of holiness and happiness the home of the
children of God.
Heber
(alliance).
+ Grandson of the patriarch Asher, (Genesis 46:17; Numbers
26:45; 1 Chronicles 7:31) from whom came the Heberites.
(Numbers 26:45)
+ The patriarch Eber. (Luke 3:35) [[603]Eber]
+ The father of Socho; a Judite. (1 Chronicles 4:18)
+ A Benjamite. (1 Chronicles 8:17)
+ A Benjamite. (1 Chronicles 8:22)
+ A Gadite. (1 Chronicles 5:13)
+ The husband of Jael, who slew Sisera by driving a nail into
his temple. (Judges 4:21,22)
Hebrew
This word first occurs as given to Abram by the Canaanites,
(Genesis 4:13) because he had crossed the Euphrates. The name
is also derived from Eber, "beyond, on the other side," Abraham
and his posterity being called Hebrews in order to express a
distinction between the races east and west of the Euphrates.
It may also be derived from Heber, one of the ancestors of
Abraham. (Genesis 10:24) The term Israelite was used by the
Jews of themselves among themselves; the term Hebrew was the
name by which they were known to foreigners. The latter was
accepted by the Jews in their external relations; and after the
general substitution of the word Jew, it still found a place in
that marked and special feature of national contradistinction,
the language.
Hebrew Language
The books of the Old Testament are written almost entirely in
the Hebrew language. It is a branch of the Shemitic language,
one of the three great divisions into which all languages have
been reduced. It is one of the earliest of known languages, and
some suppose that it was the original language of man.
Hebrews, Epistle To The
+ The author--There has been a wide difference of opinion
respecting the authorship of this epistle. For many years
Paul was considered the author; others think it may have been
Luke, Barnabas, or Apollos. Much of the theology and the
language are similar to Paul's, but the authorship of the
epistle ia still disputed.
+ To whom written .--The epistle was probably addressed to the