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Smith's Bible Dictionary
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Haahashtari
(the courier), a man or a family immediately descended from
Ashur. "father of Tekoa," by his second wife Naarah. (1
Chronicles 4:6) (B.C. after 1450.)
Habaiah, Or Habajah
(whom Jehovah hides). Bene-Habaiah were among the sons of the
priests who returned from Babylon with Zerubbabel. (Ezra 2:61;
Nehemiah 7:63) (B.C. before 459).
Habakkuk Or Habakkuk
(embrace), the eighth in order of the minor prophets. Of the
facts of the prophet's life we have no certain information. He
probably lived about the twelfth or thirteenth year of Josiah,
B.C. 630 or 629.
Habakkuk, Prophecy Of
consists of three chapters, in the first of which he
foreshadows the invasion of Judea by the Chaldeans, and in the
second he foretells the doom of the Chaldeans. The whole
concludes with the magnificent psalm in ch. 3, a composition
unrivalled for boldness of conception, sublimity of thought and
majesty of diction.
Habaziniah
(light of Jehovah), apparently the head of one of the families
of the Rechabites. (Jeremiah 35:3) (B.C. before 589.)
Habergeon
a coat of mail covering the neck and breast. [[579]Arms, Armor]
Habor
(beautiful banks), the "river of Gozan," (2 Kings 17:6) and
2Kin 18:11 Is identified beyond all reasonable doubt with the
famous affluent of the Euphrates, which is called Aborrhas and
Chaboras by ancient writers, and now Khabour.
Hachaliah
(whom Jehovah enlightens), the father of Nehemiah. (Nehemiah
1:1; 10:1)
Hachilah, The Hill
a hill apparently situated in a wood in the wilderness or waste
land in the neighborhood of Ziph, in Judah, in the fastnesses
or passes of which David and his six hundred followers were
lurking when the Ziphites informed Saul of his whereabouts. (1
Samuel 23:19) comp. 1Sam 23:14,15,18
Hachmoni
(wise) Son of, and The Hach'monite. (1 Chronicles 11:11; 27:32)
Hachmon or Hachmoni was no doubt the founder of a family to
which these men belonged: the actual father of Jashobeam was
Zabdiel, (1 Chronicles 27:2) and he is also said to have
belonged to the Korhites. (1 Chronicles 12:6) (B.C. before
1046.)
Hadad
(mighty), originally the indigenous appellation of the sun
among the Syrians, and thence transferred to the king as the
highest of earthly authorities. The title appears to have been
an official one, like Pharaoh. It is found occasionally in the
altered form Hadar. (Genesis 25:15; 36:39) compared with 1Chr
1:30,50
+ Son of Ishmael. (Genesis 25:15; 1 Chronicles 1:30)
+ A king of Edom who gained an important victory over the
Midianites on the field of Moab. (Genesis 36:35; 1 Chronicles
1:46)
+ Also a king of Edom, with Pau for his capital. (1 Chronicles
1:50)
+ A member of the royal house Or Edom. (1 Kings 11:14) ff. In
his childhood he escaped the massacre under Joab, and fled
with a band of followers into Egypt. Pharaoh, the predecessor
of Solomon's father-in-law, treated him kindly, and gave him
his sister-in-law in marriage. After David's death Hadad
resolved to attempt the recovery of his dominion. He left
Egypt and returned to his own country.
Hadadezer
(2 Samuel 8:3-12; 1 Kings 11:23). [[580]Hadarezer]
Hadadrimmon
is, according to the ordinary interpretation of (12:11) a place
in the valley of Megiddo (a part of the plain of Esdraelon, six
miles from Mount Carmel and eleven from Nazareth), where a
national lamentation was held for the death of King Josiah. It
was named after two Syrian idols.
Hadar
[[581]Hadad]
Hadarezer
(Hadad's help), son of Rehob, (2 Samuel 8:3) the king of the
Aramite state of Zobah, who was pursued by David and defeated
with great loss. (1 Chronicles 18:3,4) (B.C. 1035.) After the
first repulse of the Ammonites and their Syrian allies by Joab,
Hadarezer sent his army to the assistance of his kindred the
people of Maachah, Rehob and Ishtob. (1 Chronicles 19:16; 2
Samuel 10:15) comp. 2Sam 10:8 Under the command of Shophach or
Shobach, the captain of the host, they crossed the Euphrates,
joined the other Syrians, and encamped at a place called Helam.
David himself came from Jerusalem to take the command of the
Israelite army. As on the former occasion, the route was
complete.
Hadashah
(new), one of the towns of Judah, in the maritime low country,
(Joshua 16:37) only, probably the [582]Adasa of the Maccabean
history.
Hadassah
(myrtle), probably the earlier name of Esther. (Esther 2:7)
Hadattah
(new). According to the Authorized Version, one of the towns of
Judah in the extreme south. (Joshua 15:25)
Hades
in Revised Version. [See [583]Hell]
Hadid
(sharp), a place named, with Lod (Lydda) and Ono, only in the
later books of the history. (Ezra 2:33; Nehemiah 7:37; 11:34)
In the time of Eusebius a town called Aditha or Adatha existed
to the east of Diospolis (Lydda). This was probably Hadid.
Hadlai
(rest of God), a man of Ephraim. (2 Chronicles 28:12)
Hadoram
(noble honor).
+ The fifth son of Joktan. (Genesis 10:27; 1 Chronicles 1:21)
His settlements, unlike those of many of Joktan's sons, have
not been identified.
+ Son of Tou or Toi king of Hamath; his father's ambassador to
congratulate David on his victory over Hadarezer king of
Zobah. (1 Chronicles 18:10) (B.C. 1035.)
+ The form assumed in Chronicles by the name of the intendant
of taxes under David, Solomon and Rehoboam. (2 Chronicles
10:18) In Kings the name is given in the longer form of
[584]Adoniram, but in Samuel, (2 Samuel 20:24) as
[585]Adoram.
Hadrach
(dwelling), a country of Syria, mentioned once only, by the
prophet Zechariah. (Zechariah 9:1) The addition of the
district, with its borders, is here generally stated; but the
name itself seems to have wholly disappeared. It still remains
unknown.
Haga Bah
under which it is found in the parallel list of (Ezra 2:45)
Hagab
(locust). Bene-Hagab were among the Nethinim who returned from
Babylon with Zerubbabel. (Ezra 2:46) (B.C. before 536.)
Hagaba
(locust). Bene Hagaba were among the Nethinim who came back
from captivity with Zerubbabel. (Nehemiah 7:48) The name is
slightly different in form from
Hagar
(flight), an Egyptian woman, the handmaid or slave of Sarah,
(Genesis 16:1) whom the latter gave as a concubine to Abraham,
after he had dwelt ten years in the land of Canaan and had no
children by Sarah. ch (Genesis 16:2,3) (B.C. 1912.) When Hagar
saw that she had conceived, "her mistress was despised in her
eyes," v. 4, and Sarah, with the anger, we may suppose, of a
free woman rather than of a wife, reproached Abraham for the
results of her own act. Hagar fled, turning her steps toward
her native land through the great wilderness traversed by the
Egyptian road. By the fountain in the way to Shur the angel of
the Lord found her, charged her to return and submit herself
under the hands of her mistress, and delivered the remarkable
prophecy respecting her unborn child recorded in vs. 10-12. On
her return she gave birth to Ishmael, and Abraham was then
eighty-six years old. When Ishmael was about sixteen years old,
he was caught by Sarah making sport of her young son Isaac at
the festival of his weaning, and Sarah demanded the expulsion
of Hagar and her son. She again fled toward Egypt, and when in
despair at the want of water, an angel again appeared to her,
pointed out a fountain close by, and renewed the former
promises to her. (Genesis 21:9-21) St. Paul, (Galatians 4:25)
refers to her as the type of the old covenant of the law.
Hagarenes, Hagarites
(named after Hagar), a people dwelling to the east of
Palestine, with whom the tribes of Reuben made war in the time
of Saul. (1 Chronicles 5:10,18-20) The same people, as
confederate against Israel, are mentioned in (Psalms 83:6) It
is generally believed that they were named after Hagar, and
that the important town and district of Hejer, on the borders
of the Persian Gulf, represent them.
Hagerite, The
Jaziz the Hagerite, i.e. the descendant of Hagar, had the
charge of David's sheep. (1 Chronicles 27:31)
Haggai
(festive), the tenth in order of the minor prophets, and first
of those who prophesied after the captivity. With regard to his
tribe and parentage history and tradition are alike silent.
Haggai, Prophecy Of
The style of Haggai is generally tame and prosaic, though at
times it rises to the dignity of severe invective when the
prophet rebukes his countrymen for their selfish indolence and
neglect of God's house. But the brevity of the prophecies is so
great, and the poverty of expression which characterizes them
so striking, as to give rise to a conjecture, not without
reason, that in their present form they are but the outline or
summary of the original discourses. They were delivered in the
second year of Darius Hystaspes (B.C. 620), at intervals from
the 1st day of the 6th month to the 24th day of the 9th month
in the same year.
Haggeri
(wanderer) was one of the mighty men of David's guard,
according to (1 Chronicles 11:38) The parallel passage-- (2
Samuel 23:36)--has "Bani the Gadite," which is probably the
correct reading. (B.C. 1046.)
Haggi
(festive), second son of Gad. (Genesis 46:16; Numbers 26:15)
Haggiah
(festival of Jehovah), a Merarite Levite. (1 Chronicles 6:30)
Haggites, The
a Gadite family sprung from Haggi. (Numbers 26:15)
Haggith
(festive; a dancer), one of David's wives, the mother of
Adonijah. (2 Samuel 3:4; 1 Kings 1:6) (B.C. 1053.)
Hai
Same as [586]Ai.
Hair
The Hebrews were fully alive to the importance of the hair as
an element of personal beauty. Long hair was admired in the
case of young men. (2 Samuel 14:26) In times of affliction the
hair was altogether cut off. (Isaiah 3:17,24; 15:2; Jeremiah
7:29) Tearing the hair (Ezra 9:3) and letting it go dishevelled
were similar tokens of grief. The usual and favorite color of
the hair was black, (Song of Solomon 5:11) as is indicated in
the comparisons in (Song of Solomon 1:5; 4:1) a similar hue is
probably intended by the purple of (Song of Solomon 7:6) Pure
white hair was deemed characteristic of the divine Majesty.
(Daniel 7:9; Revelation 1:14) The chief beauty of the hair
consisted in curls, whether of a natural or an artificial
character. With regard to the mode of dressing the hair, we
have no very precise information; the terms used are of a
general character, as of Jezebel, (2 Kings 9:30) and of Judith,
ch. 10:3, and in the New Testament, (1 Timothy 2:9; 1 Peter
3:3) The arrangement of Samson's hair into seven locks, or more
properly braids, (Judges 16:13,19) involves the practice of
plaiting, which was also familiar to the Egyptians and Greeks.
The locks were probably kept in their place by a fillet, as in
Egypt. The Hebrews like other nations of antiquity, anointed
the hair profusely with ointments, which were generally
compounded of various aromatic ingredients, (Ruth 3:3; 2 Samuel
14:2; Psalms 23:6; 92:10; Ecclesiastes 9:8) more especially on
occasions of festivity or hospitality. (Luke 7:46) It appears
to have been the custom of the Jews in our Saviour's time to
swear by the hair, (Matthew 5:36) much as the Egyptian women
still swear by the side-locks, and the men by their beards.
Hakkatan
(young). Johanan son,of Hakkatan, was the chief of the
Bene-Azgad who returned from Babylon with Ezra. (Ezra 8:12)
Hakkoz
(thorn), a priest, the chief of the seventh course in the
service of the sanctuary, as appointed by David. (1 Chronicles
24:10) In (Ezra 2:61) and Nehe 3:4,21 The name occurs again as
Koz in the Authorized Version.
Hakupha
(bent). Bene-Hakupha were among the Nethinim who returned from
Babylon with Zerubbabel. (Ezra 2:61; Nehemiah 7:63)
Halah
is probably a different place from the Calah of (Genesis 10:11)
It may be identified with the Chalcitis of Ptolemy.
Halak
(smooth), The mount, a mountain twice, and twice only, named,
was the southern limit of Joshua's conquests, (Joshua 11:17;
12:7) but which has not yet been identified.
Halhul
(trembling), a town of Judah in the mountain district. (Joshua
16:68) The name still remains unaltered attached to a
conspicuous hill a mile to the left of the road from Jerusalem
to Hebron, between three and four miles from the latter.
Hali
(necklace), a town on the boundary of Asher, named between
Helkath and Beten. (Joshua 19:25)
Hall
used of the court of the high priest's house. (Luke 22:55) In
(Matthew 27:27) and Mark 15:16 "Hall" is synonymous with
"praetorium," which in (John 18:28) is in Authorized Version
"judgment hall."
Hallelujah
(praise ye the Lord). [[587]Alleluia]
Hallohesh
(enchanter), one of the chief of the people who sealed the
covenant with Nehemiah. (Nehemiah 10:24) (B.C. 410.)
Halohesh
Shallum, son of Halohesh was "ruler of the half part of
Jerusalem" at the time of the repair of the wall by Nehemiah.
(Nehemiah 3:12) (B.C. 446.)
Haltil
(doubtful). Bene-Hattil were among the children of Solomon's
slaves "who came back from captivity with Zerubbabel. (Ezra
2:57; Nehemiah 7:59) (B.C. 536.)
Ham
(hot; sunburnt).
+ The name of one of the three sons of Noah, apparently the
second in age. (B.C. 2448.) Of the history of Ham nothing is
related except his irreverence to his father and the curse
which that patriarch pronounced. The sons of Ham are stated,
to have been "Cush and Mizraim and Phut and Canaan." (Genesis
10:6) comp. 1Chr 1:8 Egypt is recognized as the "land of Ham"
in the Bible. (Psalms 78:51; 105:23; 106:22) The other
settlements of the sons of Ham are discussed under their
respective names. The three most illustrious Hamite
nations--the Cushites, the Phoenicians and the
Egyptians--were greatly mixed with foreign peoples. Their
architecture has a solid grandeur that we look for in vain
elsewhere.
+ According to the present text, (Genesis 14:5) Chedorlaomer
and his allies smote the Zuzim in a place called Ham,
probably in the territory of the Ammonites (Gilead), east of
the Jordan.
Haman
(magnificent), the chief minister or vizier of King Ahasuerus.
(Esther 3:1) (B.C. 473.) After the failure of his attempt to
cut off all the Jews in the Persian empire, he was hanged on
the gallows which he had erected for Mordecai. The Targum and
Josephus interpret the inscription of him--the Agagite--as
signifying that he was of Amalekitish descent. The Jews hiss
whenever his name is mentioned on the day of Purim.
Hamath
(fortress), the principal city of upper Syria, was situated in
the valley of the Orontes, which it commanded from the low
screen of hills which forms the water-shed between the source
of the Orontes and Antioch. The Hamathites were a Hamitic race,
and are included among the descendants of Canaan. (Genesis
10:18) Nothing appears of the power of Hamath until the time of
David. (2 Samuel 8:9) Hamath seems clearly to have been
included in the dominions of Solomon. (1 Kings 4:21-24) The
"store-cities" which Solomon "built in Hamath," (2 Chronicles
8:4) were perhaps staples for trade. In the Assyrian
inscriptions of the time of Ahab (B.C. 900) Hamath appears as a
separate power, in alliance with the Syrians of Damascus, the
Hittites and the Phoenicians. About three-quarters of a century
later Jeroboam the Second "recovered Hamath." (2 Kings 14:28)
Soon afterwards the Assyrians took it, (2 Kings 18:34; 19:13)
etc., and from this time it ceased to be a place of much
importance. Antiochus Epiphanes changed its name to Epiphaneia.
The natives, however, called it Hamath even in St. Jerome's
time, and its present name, Hamah, is but slightly altered from
the ancient form.
Hamathite, The
one of the families descended from Canaan, named last in the
list. (Genesis 10:18; 1 Chronicles 1:16)
Hamathzobah
(fortress of Zobah), (2 Chronicles 8:3) has been conjectured to
be the same as Hamath. But the name Hamath-Zobah would seem
rather suited to another Hamath which was distinguished from
the "Great Hamath" by the suffix "Zobah."
Hammath
(warm springs), one of the fortified cities in the territory
allotted to Naphtali. (Joshua 19:35) It was near Tiberias, one
mile distant, and had its name Chammath, "hot baths," because
it contained those of Tiberias. In the list of Levitical cities
given out of Naphtali, (Joshua 21:32) the name of this place
seems to be given as HAMMOTH-DOR.
Hammedatha
(double), father of the infamous Haman. (Esther 3:1,10; 8:5;
9:24)
Hammelech
lit. "the king, " unnecessarily rendered in the Authorized
Version as a proper name. (Jeremiah 36:26; 38:6)
Hammoleketh
(the queen), a daughter of Machir and sister of Gilead. (1
Chronicles 7:17,18) (B.C. between 1706 and 1491.)
Hammon
(warm springs).
+ A city in Asher, (Joshua 19:28) apparently not far from
Zidon-rabbah.
+ A city allotted out of the tribe of Naphtali to the Levites,
(1 Chronicles 6:76) and answering to the somewhat similar
names [588]Hammath and HAMMOTH-DOR in Joshua.
Hammothdor
(dwelling of the warm springs). [[589]Hammath]
Hamonah
(multitude), the name of a city mentioned in Ezekiel. (Ezekiel
39:16)
Hamongog
(the multitude of God), The valley of, the name to be bestowed
on the ravine or glen, previously known as "the ravine of the
passengers on the east of the sea," after the burial there of
"God and all his multitude." (Ezekiel 39:11,15)
Hamor
(an ass), a Hivite who at the time of the entrance of Jacob on
Palestine was prince of the land and city of Shechem. (Genesis
33:19; 34:2,4,6,8,13,18,20,24,26) (B.C. 1737.) [[590]Dinah]
Hamuel
(heat, i.e. wrath, of God), a man of Simeon, of the family of
Shaul. (1 Chronicles 4:26)
Hamul
(pitied), the younger son of Pharez, Judah's son by Tamar.
(Genesis 46:12; 1 Chronicles 2:5) (B.C. between 1706-1688.)
Hamulites, The
the family of the preceding. (Numbers 26:21)
Hamutal
(akin to the dew), daughter of Jeremiah of Libnah; one of the
wives of King Josiah. (2 Kings 23:31; 24:18; Jeremiah 52:1)
(B.C. 632-619.)
Hanameel
(whom God graciously gave), son of Shallum and cousin of
Jeremiah. (Jeremiah 32:7,8,9,12) and comp. Jere 32:44 (B.C.
589.)
Hanan
(merciful).
+ One of the chief people of the tribe of Benjamin. (1
Chronicles 8:23)
+ The last of the six sons of Azel, a descendant of Saul. (1
Chronicles 8:38; 9:44) (B.C. 588.)
+ "Son of Maachah," i.e. possibly a Syrian of Aram-maachah, one
of the heroes of David's guard. (1 Chronicles 11:43) (B.C.
1046).
+ The sons of Hanan were among the Nethinim who returned from
Babylon with Zerubbabel. (Ezra 2:46; Nehemiah 7:49) (B.C.
536).
+ One of the Levites who assisted Ezra in his public exposition
of the law. (Nehemiah 8:7) (B.C. 446.) The same person is
probably mentioned in ch. (Nehemiah 10:10)
+ One of the "heads" of "the people," who also sealed the
covenant. (Nehemiah 10:22) (B.C. 410.)
+ Another of the chief laymen on the same occasion. (Nehemiah
10:26)
+ Son of Zaccur, son of Mattaniah, whom Nehemiah made one of
the store. keepers of the provisions collected as tithes.
(Nehemiah 13:13)
+ Son of Igdaliah. (Jeremiah 35:4) (B.C. 410.)
Hananeel
(whom God graciously gave), The tower of, a tower which formed
part of the wall of Jerusalem (Nehemiah 3:1; 12:39) From these
two passages, particularly from the former, it might almost be
inferred that Hananeel was but another name for the tower of
Meah; at any rate they were close together, and stood between
the sheep-gate and the fish-gate. This tower is further
mentioned in (Jeremiah 31:38) The remaining passage in which it
is named, (Zechariah 14:10) also connects this tower with the
"corner-gate," which lay on the other side of the sheep-gate.
Hanani
(gracious).
+ One of the sons of Heman, and head of the eighteenth course
of the service. (1 Chronicles 25:4,25)
+ A seer who rebuked (B.C. 941) Asa king of Judah. (2
Chronicles 16:7) For this he was imprisoned. ver. 10 He or
another Hanani was the father of Jehu the seer, who testified
against Baasha, (1 Kings 16:1,7) and Jehoshaphat. (2
Chronicles 19:2; 20:34)
+ One of the priests who in the time of Ezra had taken strange
wives. (Ezra 10:20)
+ A brother of Nehemiah, (Nehemiah 1:2) who was made governor
of Jerusalem under Nehemiah. Ch. (Nehemiah 7:2)
+ A priest mentioned in (Nehemiah 12:36)
Hananiah
(gift of God).
+ One of the fourteen sons of Heman, and chief of the sixteenth
course of singers. (1 Chronicles 25:4,5,23) (B.C. 1014.)
+ A general in the army of King Uzziah. (2 Chronicles 26:11)
+ Father of Zedekiah, in the reign of Jehoiakim. (B.C. before
605.)
+ Son of Azur, a Benjamite of Gibeon and a false prophet in the
reign of Zedekiah king of Judah. In the fourth year of his
reign, B.C. 595, Hananiah withstood Jeremiah the prophet, and
publicly prophesied in the temple that within two years
Jeconiah and all his fellow captives with the vessels of the
Lord's house, should be brought back to Jerusalem. (Jeremiah
28:1) ... Hananiah corroborated his prophecy by taking from
off the neck of Jeremiah the yoke which he wore by divine
command. (Jeremiah 27:1) ... and breaking it. But Jeremiah
was bidden to go tell Hananiah that for the wooden yokes
which he had broken he should make yokes of iron, so firm was
the dominion of Babylon destined to he for seventy years. The
prophet Jeremiah added to this rebuke the prediction of
Hananiah's death, the fulfillment of which closes the history
of this false prophet.
+ Grandfather of Irijah, the captain of the ward at the gate of
Benjamin who arrested Jeremiah on the charge of deserting to
the Chaldeans. (Jeremiah 37:13) (B.C. before 589.)
+ Head of a Benjamite house. (1 Chronicles 8:24)
+ The Hebrew name of Shadrach. He was of the house of David,
according to Jewish tradition (Daniel 1:3,6,7,11,19; 2:17)
+ Son of Zerubbabel, (1 Chronicles 3:19) from whom Christ
derived his descent. He is the same person who is by St. Luke
called Joanna. (B.C. after 536.)
+ One of the sons of Bebai who returned with Ezra from Babylon
(Ezra 10:28) (B.C. 459.)
+ A priest, one of the makers of the sacred ointments and
incense, who built a portion of the wall of Jerusalem in the
days of Nehemiah.
+ Head of the priestly course of Jeremiah in the days of
Joiakim. (Nehemiah 12:12) (B.C. 610.)
+ Ruler of the palace at Jerusalem under Nehemiah. The
arrangements for guarding the gates of Jerusalem were
intrusted to him with Hanani the Tirshatha's brother.
(Nehemiah 7:2,3) (B.C. 446.)
+ An Israelite. (Nehemiah 10:23)
Hananiel
(the favor of God), son of Ephod and prince of Manasseh.
(Numbers 34:23)
Handicraft
(Acts 18:3; 19:25; Revelation 18:22) A trade was taught to ail
the Jewish boys as a necessary part of their education. Even
the greatest rabbis maintained themselves by trades
(Delitzsch). Says Rabbi Jehuda, "He who does not teach his son
a trade is much the same as if he taught him to be a thief". In
the present article brief notice only can be given of such
handicraft trades as are mentioned in Scripture.
+ Smiths or metal-workers.--The preparation of iron for use
either in war, in agriculture or for domestic purposes was
doubtless one of the earliest applications of labor; and
together with iron, working in brass, or rather copper
alloyed with tin (bronze), is mentioned as practiced in
antediluvian times. (Genesis 4:22) After the establishment of
the Jews in Canaan, the occupation of a smith became
recognized as a distinct employment- (1 Samuel 13:19) The
smith's work and its results are often mentioned in
Scripture. (2 Samuel 12:31; 1 Kings 6:7; 2 Chronicles 26:14;
Isaiah 44:12; 54:16) The worker in gold and silver must have
found employment among both the Hebrews and the neighboring
nations in very early times. (Genesis 24:22,53; 35:4; 38:18)
Various processes of the goldsmith's work are illustrated by
Egyptian monuments. After the conquest frequent notices are
found of both moulded and wrought metal, including soldering.
+ Carpenters are often mentioned in Scripture. (Genesis 6:14;
Exodus 37; Isaiah 44:13) In the palace built by David for
himself the workmen employed were chiefly foreigners. (2
Samuel 5:11) That the Jewish carpenters must have been able
to carve with some skill is evident from (Isaiah 41:7; 44:13)
In the New Testament the occupation of a carpenter is
mentioned in connection with Joseph the husband of the Virgin
Mary, and ascribed to our Lord himself. (Matthew 13:55; Mark
6:3) The trade included our cabinet work as well as
carpentering.
+ The masons employed by David and Solomon, at least the chief
of them, were Phoenicians. (1 Kings 5:18; Ezekiel 27:9) The
large stones used in Solomon's temple are said by Josephus to
have been fitted together exactly without either mortar or
clamps, but the foundation stones to have been fastened with
lead. For ordinary building mortar was used; sometimes,
perhaps, bitumen, as was the case at Babylon. (Genesis 11:3)
The wall "daubed with untempered mortar" of (Ezekiel 13:10)
was perhaps a sort of cob-wall of mud or clay without lime,
which would give way under heavy rain. The use of whitewash
on tombs is remarked by our Lord. (Matthew 23:27)
+ Ship-building must have been exercised to some extent for the
fishing-vessels on the Lake of Gennesaret. (Matthew 8:23;
9:1; John 21:3,8) Solomon built ships for his foreign trade.
(1 Kings 9:26,27; 22:48; 2 Chronicles 20:36,37)
+ Apothecaries or perfumers appear to have formed a guild or
association. (Exodus 30:25,35; 2 Chronicles 16:14; Nehemiah
3:8; Ecclesiastes 7:1; 10:1) Ecclus 38:8.
+ Weavers .--The arts of spinning and weaving both wool and
linen were carried on in early times, as they usually are
still among the Bedouins, by women. (Exodus 35:20,26;
Leviticus 19:19; 22:11; 2 Kings 23:7; Ezekiel 16:16; Proverbs
31:13,14) The loom with its beam, (1 Samuel 17:7) pin,
(Judges 16:14) and shuttles (Job 7:6) was perhaps introduced
later, but as early as David's time. (1 Samuel 17:7)
+ Dyeing and dressing cloth were practiced in Palestine, as
were also tanning and dressing leather . (Joshua 2:15-18; 2
Kings 1:8; Matthew 3:4; Acts 9:43)
+ Barbers . (Numbers 6:5,19; Ezekiel 5:1)
+ Tentmakers are noticed in (Acts 18:3)
+ Potters are frequently alluded to. (Jeremiah 18:2-6)
+ Bakers are noticed in Scripture, (Jeremiah 37:21; Hosea 7:4)
and the well-known valley Tyropoeon probably derived its name
from the occupation of the cheese-makers, its inhabitants.
+ Butchers, not Jewish, are spoken of (1 Corinthians 10:25)
Shoemakers, tailors, glaziers and glass vessels painters and
gold workers are mentioned in the Mishna. Chel. viii. 9;
xxix. 3,4; xxx. 1.
Handkerchief, Napkin, Apron
(Luke 19:20; John 11:44; 20:7; Acts 19:12) These terms were
used in much the same manner and having much the same
significance as at the present.
Hanes
a place in Egypt mentioned only in (Isaiah 30:4) We think that
the Chald Paraphr. is right in identifying it with Tahpanhes, a
fortified town on the eastern frontier.
Hanging, Hangings
+ The "hanging" was a curtain or 'covering' to close an
entrance; one was placed before the door of the tabernacle.
Exod 26:36,37; 39:38
+ The "hangings"; were used for covering, the walls of the
court of the tabernacles just as tapestry is used in modern
times. (Exodus 27:9; 35:17; 38:9; Numbers 3:26; 4:26)
Haniel
(grace of God), one of the sons of Ulla of the tribe of Asher.
(1 Chronicles 7:39)
Hannah
(grace), one of the wives of Elkanah, and mother of Samuel.
1Sam 1,2 (B.C. 1141.) A hymn of thanks giving for the birth of
her son is in the highest order of prophetic poetry, its
resemblance to that of the Virgin Mary comp. (1 Samuel 2:1-10)
with Luke 1:46-55 See also (Psalms 113:1) ... has been noticed.
Hannathon
(gracious), one of the cities of Zebulun. (Joshua 19:14)
Hanoch
(dedicated).
+ The third in order of the children of Midian. (Genesis 25:4)
+ Eldest son of Reuben, (Genesis 46:9; Exodus 6:14; Numbers
26:5; 1 Chronicles 5:3) and founder of the family of the
Hanochites. (Numbers 26:5)
Hanun
(favored).
+ Son of Nahash (2 Samuel 10:1,2; 1 Chronicles 19:1,2) king of
Ammon, who dishonored the ambassadors of David, (2 Samuel
10:4) and involved the Ammonites in a disastrous war, (2
Samuel 12:31; 1 Chronicles 19:6) (B.C. 1035.)
+ A man who, with the people of Zanoah, repaired the ravine
gate in the wall of Jerusalem. (Nehemiah 3:13) (B.C. 446).
+ The sixth son of Zalalph, who also assisted in the repair of
the wall, apparently on the east side. (Nehemiah 3:30) (B.C.
446.)
Haphraim
(two pits), a city of Issachar, mentioned next to Shunem.
(Joshua 19:19) About 6 miles northeast of Lejjun, and two miles
west of Solam (the ancient Shunem), stands the village of el'
Afuleh, which may possibly be the representative of Haphraim.
Hara
(mountain land), (1 Chronicles 5:26) only, is either a place
utterly unknown or it must be regarded as identical with Haran
or Charran.
Haradah
(fear), a desert station of the Israelites, (Numbers 33:24,25)
its position is uncertain.
Haran
(a mountaineer).
+ The third son of Terah, and therefore youngest brother of
Abram. (Genesis 11:26) (B.C. 1926.) Three children are
ascribed to him--Lot, vs. (Genesis 11:27,31) and two
daughters, viz., Milcah, who married her uncle Nahor, ver.
(Genesis 11:29) and Iscah. ver. (Genesis 11:29) Haran was
born in Ur of the Chaldees, and he died there while his
father was still living. ver. (Genesis 11:28)
+ A Gershonite Levite in the time of David, one of the family
of Shimei. (1 Chronicles 23:9)
+ A son of the great Caleb by his concubine Ephah. (1
Chronicles 2:46)
+ HARAN or [591]Charran, (Acts 7:2,4) name of the place whither
Abraham migrated with his family from Ur of the Chaldees, and
where the descendants of his brother Nahor established
themselves. Comp. (Genesis 24:10) with Genesis27:43 It is
said to be in Mesopotamia, (Genesis 24:10) or more definitely
in Padan-aram, ch. (Genesis 25:20) the cultivated district at
the foot of the hills, a name well applying to the beautiful
stretch of country which lies below Mount Masius between the
Khabour and the Euphrates. Here, about midway in this
district, is a small village still called Harran . It was
celebrated among the Romans, under the name of Charrae, as
the scene of the defeat of Crassus.
Hararite
(the mountaineer), The. The destination of three of David's
guard.
+ Agee, a Hararite (2 Samuel 23:11)
+ Shammah the Hararite. (2 Samuel 23:33)
+ Sharar, (2 Samuel 23:33) or Sacar, (1 Chronicles 11:35) the
Hararite, was the father of Ahiam, another member of the
guard.
Harbona
(ass-driver), the third of the seven chamberlains or eunuchs
who served King Ahasuerus. (Esther 1:10) (B.C. 483-475.)
Harbonah
(Esther 7:9) the same as the preceding.
Hare
(Heb. arnebeth) occurs only in (Leviticus 11:6) and Deuteronomy
14:7 Amongst the animals disallowed as food by the Mosaic law.
The hare is at this day called arnel by the Arabs in Palestine
and Syria. It was erroneously thought by the ancient Jews to
have chewed the cud. They were no doubt misled as in the case
of the shaphfan (hyrax), by the habit these animals have of
moving the jaw about.
Harem
[[592]House]
Hareph
(a plucking off), a name occurring in the genealogies of Judah
as a son of Caleb and as "father of Bethgader." (1 Chronicles
2:51) only.
Hareth
(thicket), The forest of, in which David took refuge, after at
the instigation of the prophet Gad, he had quitted the "hold"
or fastness of the cave of Adullam. (1 Samuel 22:6)
Harhaiah
(the Lord is angry), father of Uzziel. (Nehemiah 3:8) (B.C.
before 446.)
Harhur
(inflammation). The sons of Harhur were among the Nethinim who
returned from Babylon with Zerubbabel. (Ezra 2:51; Nehemiah
7:53) (B.C. 623.)
Harim
(flat-nosed).
+ A priest who had charge of the third division in the house of
God. (1 Chronicles 24:8) (B.C. 1014.)
+ Bene-Harim, probably descendants of the above, to the number
of 1017, came from Babylon with Zerubbabel. (Ezra 2:39;
Nehemiah 7:42) (B.C. 536.)
+ It further occurs in a list of the families of priests "who
went up with Zerubbabel and Jeshua," and of those who were
their descendants in the next generation. (Nehemiah 12:16)
+ Another family of Bene-Harim, 320 in number, came from the
captivity in the same caravan. (Ezra 2:82; Nehemiah 7:35)
(B.C. 536.) They also appear among those who had married
foreign wives, (Ezra 10:31) as well as those who sealed the
covenant- (Nehemiah 10:27) (B.C. 410.)
Hariph
(a plucking-off). A hundred and twelve of the Bene-Hariph
returned from the captivity with Zerubbabel. (Nehemiah 7:24)
The name occurs again among the "heads of the people" who
sealed the covenant. ch. (Nehemiah 10:19)
Harlot
That this class of persons existed in the earliest states of
society is clear from (Genesis 38:15) Rahab, (Joshua 2:1) is
said by the Chald. Paraphr. to have been an innkeeper; but if
there were such persons, considering what we know of
Canaanitish morals, (Leviticus 18:27) we may conclude that they
would, if women, have been of this class. The "harlots" are
classed with "publicans," as those who lay under the ban of
society, in the New Testament. (Matthew 21:32)
Harmagedon
(hill of Megiddo), (Revelation 16:16) in the Revised Version
for Armageddon. The change is chiefly Har, hill, in place of
Ar, city.
Harnepher
(panting), one of the sons of Zophah, of the tribe of Asher. (1
Chronicles 7:36)
Harod
(fear), The well of, a spring by which Gideon and his great
army encamped on the morning of the day which ended in the rout
of the Midianites. (Judges 7:1) and where the trial of the
people by their mode of drinking apparently took place. The Ain
Jalud is very suitable to the circumstances, as being at
present the largest spring in the neighborhood.
Harodite, The
the designation of two of the thirty-seven warriors of David's
guard, Shammah and Elika, (2 Samuel 23:25) doubtless denied
from a place named Harod.
Haroeh
a name occurring in the genealogical lists of Judah. (1
Chronicles 2:52)
Harorite
(the same as Harodite) The, the title given to Shammoth, one of
the warriors of David's guard. (1 Chronicles 11:27)
Harosheth
(workmanship) "of the Gentiles" so called from the mixed races
that inhabited it--a city in the north of the land of Canaan,
supposed to have stood on the west coast of the lake Merom from
which the Jordan issues forth in one unbroken stream. It was
the residence of Sisera captain of Jabin king of Canaan,
(Judges 4:2) and it was the point to which the victorious
Israelites under Barak pursued the discomfited host and
chariots of the second potentate of that name. (Judges 4:16)
Harp
The harp was the national instrument of the Hebrews, and was
well known throughout Asia. Moses assigns its invention to
Jubal during the antediluvian period. (Genesis 4:21) Josephus
records that the harp had ten strings, and that it was played
on with the plectrum. Sometimes it was smaller having only
eight strings, and was usually played with the fingers.
Harphite
(native of Hariph), The, the designation of Shephatiah, one of
the Korhites who repaired to David at Ziklag. (1 Chronicles
12:5) (B.C. 1064.)
Harrow
The word so rendered, (2 Samuel 12:31; 1 Chronicles 20:3) is
probably a threshing-machine. The verb rendered "to harrow,"
(Job 39:10; Isaiah 28:24; Hosea 10:11) expresses apparently the
breaking of the clods, and is so far analogous to our
harrowing--but whether done by any such machine as we call a
"harrow" is very doubtful.
Harsha
(deaf). Bene-Harsha were among the families of Nethinim who
came back from Babylon with Zerubbabel. (Ezra 2:52; Nehemiah
7:54)
Hart
the male stag. The word denotes some member of the deer tribe
either the fallow deer or the Barbary deer. The hart is
reckoned among the clean animals, (12:15; 14:5; 15:22) and
seems from the passages quoted, as well as from (1 Kings 4:23)
to have been commonly killed for food.
Harum
(lofty), father of Aharhel, in one of the most obscure
genealogies of Judah. (1 Chronicles 4:8)
Harumaph
(slit-nosed) father or ancestor of Jedaiah. (Nehemiah 3:10)
Haruz
(zealous), a man of Jotbah, father of Meshullemeth queen of
Manasseh. (2 Kings 21:9) (B.C. before 644.)
Harvest
[[593]Agriculture]
Hasadiah
(loved by Jehovah) one of a group of five persons among the
descendants of the royal line of Judah, (1 Chronicles 3:20)
apparently sons of Zerubbabel. (B.C. about 536.)
Hasenuah
(the hated), a Benjamite, of one of the chief families in the
tribe. (1 Chronicles 9:7)
Hashabiah
(whom God regards).
+ A Merarite Levite. (1 Chronicles 6:45)
+ Another Merarite Levite. (1 Chronicles 9:14)
+ The fourth of the six sons of Jeduthun, (1 Chronicles 25:3)
who had charge of the twelfth course. ver. 19. (B.C. 1014.)
+ One of the descendants of Hebron the son of Kohath- (1
Chronicles 26:30)
+ The son of Kemuel, who was prince of the tribe of Levi in the
time of David (1 Chronicles 27:17) (B.C. 1014.)
+ A Levite one of the "chiefs" of his tribe, who officiated for
King Josiah at his great Passover feast. (2 Chronicles 35:9)
(B.C. 623).
+ A Merarite Levite who accompanied Ezra from Babylon. (Ezra
8:19)
+ One of the chiefs of the priests who formed part of the same
caravan. (Ezra 8:24) (B.C. 536.)
+ Ruler of half the circuit or environs of Keilah; he repaired
a portion of the wall of Jerusalem under Nehemiah. (Nehemiah
3:17) (B.C. 446.)
+ One of the Levites who sealed the covenant of reformation
after the return from the captivity. (Nehemiah 10:11; 12:24)
comp. Nehe 12:26 (B.C. 446-410.)
+ Another Levite, son of Bunni. (Nehemiah 11:15)
+ A Levite, son of Mattaniah. (Nehemiah 11:22)
+ A priest of the family of Hilkiah in the days of Joiakim son
of Jeshua. (Nehemiah 12:21)
Hashabnah
(whom Jehovah regards), one of the chief of the "people" who
sealed the covenant with Nehemiah. (Nehemiah 10:25) (B.C. 410.)
Hashabniah
(whom Jehovah regards).
+ Father of Hattush. (Nehemiah 3:10)
+ A Levite who was among those who officiated at the great fast
under Ezra and Nehemiah when the covenant was sealed.
(Nehemiah 9:5) (B.C. 410.)
Hashbadana
(considerate judge), one of the men (probably Levites) who
stood on Ezra's left hand while he read the law to the people
in Jerusalem. (Nehemiah 8:4) (B.C.410.)
Hashem
(fat). The sons of Hashem the Gizonite are named amongst the
members of David's guard in (1 Chronicles 11:34) (B.C. before
1014.)
Hashmonah
(fatness), a station of the Israelites, mentioned (Numbers
33:29) as next before Moseroth.
Hashub
(intelligent).
+ A son of Pahath-moab, who assisted in the repair of the wall
of Jerusalem. (Nehemiah 3:11) (B.C. 446.)
+ Another who assisted in the same work. (Nehemiah 3:23)
+ One of the heads of the people who sealed the covenant with
Nehemiah. (Nehemiah 10:23) (B.C. 410.)
+ A Merarite Levite. (Nehemiah 11:15)
Hashubah
(intelligent), the first of a group of five men, apparently the
latter half of the family of Zerubbabel. (1 Chronicles 3:20)
Hashum
(rich).
+ Bene-Hashum, 223 in number, came back from Babylon with
Zerubbabel. (Ezra 2:19; 10:33; Nehemiah 7:22) (B.C. before
536.) The chief man of the family was among these who sealed
the covenant with Nehemiah. (Nehemiah 10:18) (B.C. 410.)
+ One of the priests or Levites who stood on Ezra's left hand
while he read the law to the congregation. (Nehemiah 8:4)
(B.C. 410.)
Hashupha
(stripped), one of the families of Nethinim who returned from
captivity in the first caravan (Nehemiah 7:46) Called
[594]Hasupha in (Ezra 2:43) (B.C. 536.)
Hasrah
(very poor), the form in which the name Harhas is given in (2
Chronicles 34:22) comp. 2Kin 22:14
Hassenaah
The Bene-Hassenaah rebuilt the fish-gate in the repair of the
wall of Jerusalem. (Nehemiah 3:3) (B.C. 446.)
Hasshub
[See [595]Hashub]
Hasupha
[See [596]Hashupha]
Hatach
(verily), one of the eunuchs in the court of Ahasuerus. (Esther
4:5,6,9,10) (B.C. 474.)
Hathath
(fearful), one of the sons of Othniel the Kenazite. (1
Chronicles 4:13)
Hatipha
(captive). Bene-Hatipha (i.e. sons of Hatipha) were among the
Nethinim who returned from Babylon with Zerubbabel. (Ezra 2:54;
Nehemiah 7:56) (B.C. 536.)
Hatita
(exploring). Bene-Hatita (i.e. sons of Hatita) were among the
"porters" (i.e. the gate-keepers) who returned from the
captivity with Zerubbabel. (Ezra 2:42; Nehemiah 7:45) (B.C.
536.)
Hattuph
(assembled).
+ A descendant of the kings of Judah apparently one of the sons
of Shechaniah, (1 Chronicles 3:22) in the fourth or fifth
generation from Zerubbabel. A person of the same name
accompanied Ezra from Babylon to Jerusalem. (Ezra 8:2) In
another statement Hattush is said to have returned with
Zerubbabel. (Nehemiah 12:2)
+ Son of Hashabniah. one-of those who assisted Nehemiah in the
repair of the wall of Jerusalem. (Nehemiah 3:10) (B.C. 446.)
Hauran
(caverns), a province of Palestine twice mentioned by Ezekiel.
(Ezekiel 47:16,17) There can be little doubt that it is
identical with the well-known Greek province of Auranitis and
the modern Hauran east of the Sea of Galilee, on the borders of
the desert, in the tetrarchy of Philip.
Havilah
(Genesis 2:11)
+ A part of Eden through which flowed the river Pison (Araxes).
It was probably the Grecian Colchis, in the northeast corner
of Asia Minor, near the Caspian Sea.
+ A district in Arabia Felix, (Genesis 10:7) named from the
second son of Cush; probably the district of Kualan, in the
northwestern part of Yemen.
(circle).
+ A son of Cush. (Genesis 10:7)
+ A son of Joktan. (Genesis 10:29)
Havothjair
(villages of Jair), certain villages on the east of Jordan, in
Gilead or Bashan, which were taken by Jair the son of Manasseh,
and called after his name. (Numbers 32:41; 3:14) In the records
of Manasseh in (Joshua 13:30) and 1Chr 2:23 The Havoth-jair are
reckoned with other districts as making up sixty "cities."
Comp. (1 Kings 4:13) There is apparently some confusion in
these different statements as to what the sixty cities really
consisted of. No less doubtful is the number of the
Havoth-Jair. In (1 Chronicles 2:22) they are specified as
twenty-three, but in (Judges 10:4) as thirty.
Hawk
(Leviticus 11:16; 14:15; Job 39:26) The hawk includes various
species of the Falconidae . With respect to the passage in Job
(l.c.) which appears to allude to the migratory habits of
hawks, it is curious to observe that of the ten or twelve
lesser raptors (hawk tribe) of Palestine, nearly all are summer
migrants. The kestrel remains all the year, but the others are
all migrants from the south.
Hay
(Heb. chatsir), the rendering of the Authorized Version in
(Proverbs 27:25) and Isai 15:6 Of the Hebrew term, which occurs
frequently in the Old Testament, and denotes "grass" of any
kind. It is quite probable that the modern Orientals do not
make hay in our sense of the term; but it is certain that the
ancients did mow their grass, and probably made use of the dry
material. See (Psalms 37:2) We may remark that there is an
express Hebrew term for "dry grass" or "hay," viz. chashash,
which, in the only two places where the word occurs, (Isaiah
5:24; 33:11) is rendered "chaff" in the Authorized Version.
Hazael
(whom God sees), a king of Damascus who reigned from about B.C.
886 to B.C. 840. He appears to have been previously a person in
a high position at the court of Ben-hadad, and was sent by his
master to Elisha to inquire if he would recover from the malady
under which he was suffering. Elisha's answer led to the murder
of Ben-hadad by his ambitious servant, who forthwith mounted
the throne. (2 Kings 8:7-15) He was soon engaged in war with
the kings of Judah and Israel for the possession of the city of
Ramoth-gilead. Ibid. (2 Kings 8:28) Towards the close of the
reign of Jehu, Hazael led the Syrians against the Israelites
(about B.C. 860), whom he "smote in all their coasts," (2 Kings
10:32) thus accomplishing the prophecy of Elisha. Ibid . (2
Kings 8:12) At the close of his life, having taken Gath, ibid.
(2 Kings 12:17) comp. Amos 6:2 He proceeded to attack
Jerusalem, (2 Chronicles 24:24) and was about to assault the
city when Joash bribed him to retire. (2 Kings 12:18) Hazael
appears to have died about the year B.C. 840, (2 Kings 13:24)
having reigned forty-six years.
Hazaiah
(whom Jehovah sees), a man of Judah of the family of the
Shilonites, or descendants of Shelah. (Nehemiah 11:5)
Hazaradar
etc. [[597]Hazer]
Hazarmaveth
(court of death), the third in order of the sons of Joktan
(Genesis 10:26) The name is preserved in the Arabic Hadramawt
and Hadrumawl, the appellation of a province and an ancient
people of southern Arabia. The capital is Satham, a very
ancient city, and its chief ports are Mirbat, Zafari and
Kisheem, from whence a great trade was carried on in ancient
times with India and Africa.
Hazel
The Hebrew term luz occurs only in (Genesis 30:37) Authorities
are divided between the hazel and the almond tree as
representing the luz . The latter is most probably correct.
Hazelelponi
(shade coming upon me), the sister of the sons of Etam in the
genealogies of Judah. (1 Chronicles 4:3)
Hazer
topographically, seems generally employed for the villages of
people. As a proper name it appears in the Authorized Version--
+ In the plural, [598]Hazerim and HAZEBOTH, for which see
below.
+ In the slightly different form of [599]Hazor.
+ In composition with other words:
+ HAZAR-ADDAR (village of Addar), a place named as one of the
landmarks on the southern boundary of the land promised to
Israel. (Numbers 34:4) [600]Adar (Joshua 15:3)
+ HAZAR-ENAN (village of fountains), the place at which the
northern boundary of the land promised to the children of
Israel was to terminate. (Numbers 34:9,10) comp. Ezek 47:17;
48:1
+ HAZAB GADDAH (village of fortune), one of the towns in the
southern district of Judah, (Joshua 15:27) named between
Moladah and Heshmon.
+ HAZAR-SHUAL (village of jackals), a town in the southern
district of Judah, lying between Hazar-gaddah and Beersheba.
(Joshua 15:28; 19:3; 1 Chronicles 4:28)
+ HAZAR-SUSAH (village of horses), one of the "cities" allotted
to Simeon in the extreme south of the territory of Judah.
(Joshua 19:5)
Hazerim
(villages). The Avim, or more accurately the Avvim, are said to
have lived "in the villages (Authorized Version 'Hazerim') as
far as Gaza," (2:23) before their expulsion by the Caphtorim.
Hazeroth
(villages), (Numbers 11:35; 12:16; 33:17; 1:1) a station of the
Israelites in the desert, and perhaps recognizable in the
Arabic Ain Hudhera, forty miles northeast of Sinai.
Hazezontamar
and Haz'azon-ta'mar (pruning of palm trees), the ancient name
of Engedi. (Genesis 14:7) The name occurs in the records of the
reign of Hezekiah. (2 Chronicles 20:2)
Haziel
(union of God), a Levite in the time of David, of the family of
Shi-mei or Shimi, the younger branch of the (Gershonites. (1
Chronicles 23:9) (B.C. 1014.)
Hazo
(vision), a son of Nahor, by Milcah his wife. (Genesis 22:22)
(B.C. about 1900.)
Hazor
(castle).
+ A fortified city, which on the occupation of the country was
allotted to Naphtali. (Joshua 19:36) Its position was
apparently between Ramah and Kedesh, ibid. (Joshua 12:19) on
the high ground overlooking the Lake of Merom. There is no
reason for supposing it a different place from that of which
Jabin was king. (Joshua 11:1; Judges 4:2,17; 1 Samuel 12:9)
It was the principal city of the whole of north Palestine.
(Joshua 11:10) It was fortified by Solomon, (1 Kings 9:15)
and its inhabitants were carried captive by Tiglath-pileser.
(2 Kings 15:29) The most probable site of Hazor is Tell
Khuraibeh .
+ One of the "cities" of Judah in the extreme south, named next
in order to Kedesh. (Joshua 15:23)
+ Hazor-Hadattah = "new Hazor" another of the southern towns of
Judah. (Joshua 15:25)
+ A place in which the Benjamites resided after their return
from the captivity. (Nehemiah 11:33)
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Table of Contents
Headdress
The Hebrews do not appear to have regarded a covering for the
head as an essential article of dress. Hats were unknown. The
earliest notice we have of such a thing is in connection with
the sacerdotal vestments. (Exodus 28:40) The tsaniph (something
like a turban) is noticed as being worn by nobles, (Job 29:14)
ladies, (Isaiah 3:23) and kings, (Isaiah 62:3) while the peer
was an article of holiday dress, (Isaiah 61:3) Authorized
Version "beauty;" (Ezekiel 24:17,23) and was worn at weddings.
(Isaiah 61:10) The ordinary head-dress of the Bedouin consists
of the keffieh, a square handkerchief, generally of red and
yellow cotton or cotton and silk, folded so that three of the
corners hang down over the back and shoulders, leaving the face
exposed, and bound round the head by a cord. It is not
improbable that a similar covering was used by the Hebrews on
certain occasions. The Assyrian head-dress is described in
(Ezekiel 23:15) under the terms "exceeding in dyed attire." The
word rendered "hats" in (Daniel 3:21) properly applies to a
cloak.
Hearth
One way of baking much practiced in the East is to place the
dough on an iron plate, either laid on or supported on legs
above the vessel sunk in the ground, which forms the oven. The
cakes baked "on the hearth" (Genesis 18:6) were probably baked
in the existing Bedouin manner, on hot stones covered with
ashes. The "hearth" of King Jehoiakim's winter palace,
(Jeremiah 36:23) was possibly a pan or brazier of charcoal.
From this we see that the significance of the Hebrew words
translated hearth is not the same as with us.
Heath
(Jeremiah 17:6) was some species of juniper, probably the
savin, a dwarf, stunted juniper which grows in the most sterile
parts of the desert.
Heathen
[[601]Gentiles]
Heaven
There are four Hebrew words thus rendered in the Old Testament
which we may briefly notice.
+ Raki'a, Authorized Version, firmament. [[602]Firmament]
+ Shamayim . This is the word used in the expression "the
heaven and the earth," or "the upper and lower regions."
(Genesis 1:1)
+ Marom, used for heaven in (Psalms 18:16; Isaiah 24:18;
Jeremiah 25:30). Properly speaking it means a mountain as in
(Psalms 102:19; Ezekiel 17:23)
+ Shechakim, "expanses," with reference to the extent of
heaven. (33:26; Job 35:5) St. Paul's expression "third
heaven," (2 Corinthians 12:2) had led to much conjecture.
Grotius said that the Jews divided the heaven into three
parts, viz.,
+ The air or atmosphere, where clouds gather;
+ The firmament, in which the sun, moon and stars are fixed;
+ The upper heaven, the abode of God and his angels, the
invisible realm of holiness and happiness the home of the
children of God.
Heber
(alliance).
+ Grandson of the patriarch Asher, (Genesis 46:17; Numbers
26:45; 1 Chronicles 7:31) from whom came the Heberites.
(Numbers 26:45)
+ The patriarch Eber. (Luke 3:35) [[603]Eber]
+ The father of Socho; a Judite. (1 Chronicles 4:18)
+ A Benjamite. (1 Chronicles 8:17)
+ A Benjamite. (1 Chronicles 8:22)
+ A Gadite. (1 Chronicles 5:13)
+ The husband of Jael, who slew Sisera by driving a nail into
his temple. (Judges 4:21,22)
Hebrew
This word first occurs as given to Abram by the Canaanites,
(Genesis 4:13) because he had crossed the Euphrates. The name
is also derived from Eber, "beyond, on the other side," Abraham
and his posterity being called Hebrews in order to express a
distinction between the races east and west of the Euphrates.
It may also be derived from Heber, one of the ancestors of
Abraham. (Genesis 10:24) The term Israelite was used by the
Jews of themselves among themselves; the term Hebrew was the
name by which they were known to foreigners. The latter was
accepted by the Jews in their external relations; and after the
general substitution of the word Jew, it still found a place in
that marked and special feature of national contradistinction,
the language.
Hebrew Language
The books of the Old Testament are written almost entirely in
the Hebrew language. It is a branch of the Shemitic language,
one of the three great divisions into which all languages have
been reduced. It is one of the earliest of known languages, and
some suppose that it was the original language of man.
Hebrews, Epistle To The
+ The author--There has been a wide difference of opinion
respecting the authorship of this epistle. For many years
Paul was considered the author; others think it may have been
Luke, Barnabas, or Apollos. Much of the theology and the
language are similar to Paul's, but the authorship of the
epistle ia still disputed.
+ To whom written .--The epistle was probably addressed to the
Jews in Jerusalem and Palestine. The argument of the epistle
is such as could he used with most effect to a church
consisting exclusively of Jews by birth, personally familiar
with and attached to the temple service.
+ Date.--It was evidently written before the destruction of
Jerusalem in A.D. 70, probably about A.D. 62-64.
+ Place .--It was probably written in Italy, while Paul was a
prisoner at Rome.
+ Contents .--With respect to the scope of the epistle, it
should be recollected that while the numerous Christian
churches scattered throughout Judea, (Acts 9:31; Galatians
1:22) were continually exposed to persecution from the Jews,
(1 Thessalonians 2:14) there was in Jerusalem one additional
weapon in the hands of the predominant oppressors of the
Christians. The magnificent national temple might be put
against the Hebrew Christian; and even if this affliction
were not often laid upon him, yet there was a secret burden
which he bore within him, the knowledge that the end of all
the beauty and awfulness of Zion was rapidly approaching. The
writer of this epistle meets the Hebrew Christians on their
own ground, showing that the new faith gave them Christ the
Son of God, more prevailing than the high priest as an
intercessor; that his Sabbath awaited them, his covenant, his
atonement, his city heavenly not made with hands. Having him,
believe in him with all your heart, with a faith in the
unseen future strong as that of the saints of old, patient
under present and prepared for coming woe, full of energy and
hope and holiness and love. Such was the teaching of the
Epistle to the Hebrews.
Hebron
(alliance).
+ The third son of Kohath, who was the second son of Levi.
(Exodus 6:18; Numbers 3:19; 1 Chronicles 6:2,18; 23:12) He
was the founder of a family of Hebronites, (Numbers 3:27;
26:58; 1 Chronicles 26:23,30,31), or Bene-Hebron. (1
Chronicles 15:9; 23:19)
+ A city of Judah, (Joshua 15:54) situated among the mountains,
(Joshua 20:7) 20 Roman miles south of Jerusalem, and the same
distance north of Beersheba. Hebron is one of the most
ancient cities in the world still existing; and in this
respect it is the rival of Damascus. It was a well-known town
when Abraham entered Canaan, 3800 years ago. (Genesis 13:18)
Its original name was Kirjath-arba, (Judges 1:10) "the city
of Arba;" so called from Arba the father of Anak. (Joshua
15:13,14; 21:13) Sarah died at Hebron; and Abraham then
bought from Ephron the Hittite the field and cave of
Machpelah, to serve as a family tomb (Genesis 23:2-20) The
cave is still there, and the massive walls of the Haram or
mosque, within which it lies, form the most remarkable object
in the whole city. Abraham is called by Mohammedans
el-Khulil, "the Friend," i.e. of God, and this is the modern
name of Hebron. Hebron now contains about 5000 inhabitants,
of whom some fifty families are Jews. It is picturesquely
situated in a narrow valley, surrounded by rocky hills. The
valley runs from north to south; and the main quarter of the
town, surmounted by the lofty walls of the venerable Haram,
lies partly on the eastern slope. (Genesis 37:14) comp.
Genesis23:19 About a mile from the town, up the valley, is
one of the largest oak trees in Palestine. This, say some, is
the very tree beneath which Abraham pitched his tent, and it
still bears the name of the patriarch.
+ One of the towns in the territory of Asher, (Joshua 19:28)
probably Ebdon or Abdom.
Hebronites, The
A family of Kohathite Levites, descendants of Hebron the son of
Kohath. (Numbers 3:27; 26:58; 1 Chronicles 26:23)
Hedge
The Hebrew words thus rendered denote simply that which
surrounds or encloses, whether it be a stone wall, geder,
(Proverbs 24:31; Ezekiel 42:10) or a fence of other materials.
The stone walls which surround the sheepfolds of modern
Palestine are frequently crowned with sharp thorns.
Hegai
(eunuch), one of the eunuchs of the court of Ahasuerus. (Esther
2:8,15) (B.C. 474.)
Hege
another form of the preceding (Esther 2:3)
Heifer
(1 Samuel 6:7-12; Job 21:10; Isaiah 7:21) The heifer or young
cow was not commonly used for ploughing, but only for treading
out the corn. (Hosea 10:11) but see Judg 14:18 When it ran
about without any headstall, (26:4) hence the expression an
"unbroken heifer," (Hosea 4:16) Authorized Version
"backsliding" to which Israel is compared.
Heir
The Hebrew institutions relative to inheritance were of a very
simple character. Under the patriarchal system the property was
divided among the sons of the legitimate wives, (Genesis 21:10;
24:36; 25:5) a larger portion being assigned to one, generally
the eldest, on whom devolved the duty of maintaining the
females of the family. The sons of concubines were portioned
off with presents. (Genesis 25:6) At a later period the
exclusion of the sons of concubines was rigidly enforced.
(Judges 11:1) ff. Daughters had no share in the patrimony,
(Genesis 21:14) but received a marriage portion. The Mosaic law
regulated the succession to real property thus: it has to be
divided among the sons, the eldest receiving a double portion,
(21:17) the others equal shares; if there were no sons, it went
to the daughters, (Numbers 27:8) on the condition that they did
not marry out of their own tribe, (Numbers 36:6) ff.; otherwise
the patrimony was forfeited. If there were no daughters it went
to the brother of the deceased; if no brother, to the paternal
uncle; and, failing these to the next of kin. (Numbers 27:9-11)
Helah
(rust), one of the two wives of Ashur, father of Tekoa. (1
Chronicles 4:5)
Helam
(stronghold), a place east of the Jordan but west of the
Euphrates at which the Syrians were collected by Hadarezer, and
where David met and defeated them. (2 Samuel 10:16,17)
Helbah
(fertile), a town of Asher, probably on the plain of Phoenicia
not far from Sidon. (Judges 1:31)
Helbon
(fertile), a place mentioned only in (Ezekiel 27:18)
Geographers have hitherto represented Helbon as identical with
the city of Aleppo, called Haleb by the Arabs; but there are
strong reasons against this, and the ancient city must be
identified with a village within a few miles of Damascus still
bearing the ancient name Helbon, and still celebrated as
producing the finest grapes in the country.
Heldai
(worldly).
+ The twelfth captain of the monthly courses for the temple
service. (1 Chronicles 27:15) (B.C. 1014.)
+ An Israelite who seems to have returned from the captivity.
(Zechariah 6:10) (B.C. 520.)
Heleb
(milk), or He'led (transient) son of Baanah the Netophathite,
one of the heroes of King David's guard. (2 Samuel 23:29; 1
Chronicles 11:30)
Helek
(portion), one of the descendants of Manasseh, and second son
of Gilead, (Numbers 26:30) and founder of the Helekites. (B.C.
1445.)
Helem
(strength).
+ A descendant of Asher. (1 Chronicles 7:35)
+ A man mentioned only in (Zechariah 6:14) Apparently the same
as Heldai.
Heleph
(exchange), the place from which the boundary of the tribe of
Naphtali started. (Joshua 19:33)
Helez
(strength).
+ One of "the thirty" of David's guard, (2 Samuel 23:26; 1
Chronicles 11:27) an Ephraimite, and captain of the seventh
monthly course. (1 Chronicles 27:10) (B.C. 1016.)
+ A man of Judah, son of Azariah. (1 Chronicles 2:39)
Helhath
(portion), the town named as the starting-point for the
boundary of the tribe of Asher, (Joshua 19:25) and allotted
with its "suburbs" to the Gershonite Levites. ch. (Joshua
21:31) Perhaps Yerka, seven miles from Acre.
Heli
(ascending), the father of Joseph the husband of the Virgin
Mary, (Luke 13:23) perhaps the grandfather of Mary herself.
[See [604]Genealogy Of Jesus Christ OF JESUS CHRIST]
Heliopolis
[See [605]On]
Helkathhazzurim
(field of rock), a smooth piece of ground, apparently close to
the pool of Gibeon, where the combat took place between the two
parties of Joab's men and Abner's men which ended in the death
of the whole of the combatants, and brought on a general
battle. (2 Samuel 2:16)
Hell
In the Old Testament this is the word generally and
unfortunately used by our translators to render the Hebrew
Sheol . It really means the place of the dead, the unseen
world, without deciding whether it be the place of misery or of
happiness. It is clear that in many passages of the Old
Testament Sheol can only mean "the grave," and is rendered in
the Authorized Version; see, for example, (Genesis 37:35;
42:38; 1 Samuel 2:6; Job 14:13) In other passages, however, it
seems to Involve a notion of punishment, and is therefore
rendered in the Authorized Version by the word "hell." But in
many cases this translation misleads the reader. In the New
Testament "hell" is the translation of two words, Hades and
Gehenna . The word Hades, like Sheol sometimes means merely
"the grave," (Acts 2:31; 1 Corinthians 15:55; Revelation 20:13)
or in general "the unseen world." It is in this sense that the
creeds say of our Lord, "He went down into hell," meaning the
state of the dead in general, without any restriction of
happiness or misery. Elsewhere in the New Testament Hades is
used of a place of torment, (Matthew 11:23; Luke 16:23; 2 Peter
2:4) etc.; consequently it has been the prevalent, almost the
universal, notion that Hades is an intermediate state between
death and resurrection, divided into two parts one the abode of
the blest and the other of the lost. It is used eleven times in
the New Testament, and only once translated "grave." (1
Corinthians 15:55) The word most frequently used (occurring
twelve times) in the New Testament for the place of future
punishment is Gehenna or Gehenna of fire . This was originally
the valley of Hinnom, south of Jerusalem, where the filth and
dead animals of the city were cast out and burned; a fit symbol
of the wicked and their destruction. [See [606]Hinnom]
Hellenist
(Grecian), the term applied in the New Testament to
Greek-speaking or "Grecian" Jews. The Hellenists as a body
included not only the proselytes of Greek (or foreign)
parentage, but also those. Jews who, by settling in foreign
countries, had adopted the prevalent form of the current Greek
civilization, and with it the use of the common Greek dialect.
(Acts 6:1; 9:29)
Helmet
[[607]Arms, Armor]
Helon
(strong), father of Eliab, of the tribe of Zebulun. (Numbers
1:9; 2:7; 7:24,29; 10:16) (B.C. 1491.)
Hem Of Garment
The importance which the later Jews, especially the Pharisees,
(Matthew 23:5) attached to the hem or fringe of their garments
was founded upon the regulation in (Numbers 15:38,39) which
gave a symbolical meaning to it. [See [608]Dress]
Hemam
(exterminating). Hori and Hemam were sons of Lotan, the eldest
son of Seir. (Genesis 36:22)
Heman
(faithful)
+ Son of Zerah. (1 Chronicles 2:6; 1 Kings 4:31)
+ Son of Joel and grandson of Samuel the prophet, a Kohathite.
He is called "the singer," rather the musician, (1 Chronicles
6:33) and was the first of the three Levites to whom was
committed the vocal and instrumental music of the temple
service in the reign of David. (1 Chronicles 15:16-22) The
88th Psalm is ascribed to him. (B.C. 1014.)
Hemath
(heat), a person or place named in the genealogical lists of
Judah, as the origin of the Kenites, and the "father" of the
house of Rechab. (1 Chronicles 2:55) (B.C. 1445.)
Hemdan
(pleasant), the eldest son of Dishon, son of Anah the Horite.
(Genesis 36:26) [[609]Amram, 2] (B.C. about 1500.)
Hemlock
the common ground or dwarf hemlock, a bitter, poisonous plant.
The Hebrew rosh is rendered "hemlock" in two passages, (Hosea
10:4; Amos 6:12) but elsewhere "gall." [[610]Gall] (It is
possible that the plant is rather the poppy than an
hemlock.--Cook.)
Hen
The hen is nowhere noticed in the Bible except in (Matthew
23:37; Luke 13:34) That a bird so common in Palestine should
receive such slight notice is certainly peculiar.
(rest), probably a son of Zephaniah, and apparently the same
who is called [611]Josiah in (Zechariah 6:10)
Hena
(troubling), a city the Assyrian kings had reduced shortly
before the time of Sennacherib. (2 Kings 19:13; Isaiah 37:13)
At no great distance from Sippara (now Mosaib) is an ancient
town called And or Anah, which may be the same as Hena. It is
20 miles from Babylon on the Euphrates.
Henadad
(grace of Hadad), the head of a family of the Levites who took
a prominent part in the rebuilding of the temple. (Ezra 3:9)
Henoch
+ Enoch, 2. (1 Chronicles 1:3)
+ Hanoch, 1. (1 Chronicles 1:33)
Hepher
a place in ancient Canaan which occurs in the lists of
conquered kings. (Joshua 12:17) It was on the west of Jordan.
Comp. (Joshua 12:7) and 1Kin 4:10
(a well).
+ The youngest of the sons of Gilead, (Numbers 26:32) and head
of the family of the Hepherites. (B.C. before 1450.)
+ Son of Ashur, the "father of Tekoa." (1 Chronicles 4:6) (B.C.
about 1445.)
+ The Mecherathite, one of the heroes of David's guard. (1
Chronicles 11:36) (B.C. 1046.)
Hepherites, The
the family of Hepher the son of Gilead. (Numbers 26:32)
Hephzibah
+ A name signifying "my delight in her," which is to be borne
by the restored Jerusalem. (Isaiah 62:4)
+ The queen of King Hezekiah and the mother of Manasseh. (2
Kings 21:1) (B.C. 709-696.)
Herald
one who makes public proclamation. The only notice of this
officer in the Old Testament occurs in (Daniel 3:4) The term
"herald" might be substituted for "preacher" in (1 Timothy 2:7;
2 Timothy 1:11; 2 Peter 2:5)
Herd
(a collection of cattle), Herdsmen. The herd was greatly
regarded in both the patriarchal and the Mosaic period. The ox
was the most precious stock next to horse and mule. The herd
yielded the most esteemed sacrifice, (Numbers 7:3; Psalms
69:31; Isaiah 66:3) also flesh meat, and milk, chiefly
converted probably, into butter and cheese. (32:14; 2 Samuel
17:29) The agricultural and general usefulness of the ox in
ploughing, threshing, and as a beast of burden, (1 Chronicles
12:40; Isaiah 46:1) made a slaughtering of him seem wasteful.
Herdsmen, etc., in Egypt were a low, perhaps the lowest, caste;
but of the abundance of cattle in Egypt, and of the care there
bestowed on them, there is no doubt. (Genesis 47:6,17; Exodus
9:4,20) So the plague of hail was sent to smite especially the
cattle, (Psalms 78:48) the firstborn of which also were
smitten. (Exodus 12:29) The Israelites departing stipulated
for, (Exodus 10:26) and took "much cattle" with them. ch.
(Exodus 12:38) Cattle formed thus one of the traditions of the
Israelitish nation in its greatest period, and became almost a
part of that greatness. The occupation of herdsman was
honorable in early times. (Genesis 47:6; 1 Samuel 11:5; 1
Chronicles 27:29; 28:1) Saul himself resumed it in the interval
of his cares as king, also Doeg was certainly high in his
confidence (1 Samuel 21:7) Pharaoh made some of Joseph's
brethren "rulers over his cattle." David's herd-masters were
among his chief officers of state. The prophet Amos at first
followed this occupation.
Heres
(the sun), (Judges 1:35) a city of Dan, in Mount Ephraim, near
Ajalon; possibly identical with Mount Jearim (Ir-shemesh, city
of the gun).
Heresh
(artificer), a Levite attached to the tabernacle (1 Chronicles
9:15) (B.C. 536.)
Hermas
(Mercury), the name of a Christian resident at Rome to whom St.
Paul sends greetings in his Epistle to the Romans. (Romans
16:14) (A.D. 55.) Irenaeus, Tertullian and Origen agree in
attributing to him the work called The shepherd . It was never
received into the canon, but yet was generally cited with
respect only second to that which was paid to the authoritative
books of the New Testament.
Hermes
(Mercury), a Christian mentioned in (Romans 16:14) According to
tradition he was one of the seventy disciples, and afterward
bishop of Dalmatia. (A.D. 55.)
Hermogenes
a person mentioned by St. Paul in the latest of all his
epistles, (2 Timothy 1:15) when all in Asia had turned away
from him. (A.D. 64.)
Hermon
(a peak, summit), a mountain on the northeastern border of
Palestine, (3:8; Joshua 12:1) over against Lebanon, (Joshua
11:17) adjoining the plateau of Bashan. (1 Chronicles 5:23) It
stands at the southern end, and is the culminating point of the
anti-Libanus range; it towers high above the ancient border
city of Dan and the fountains of the Jordan, and is the most
conspicuous and beautiful mountain in Palestine or Assyria. At
the present day it is called Jebel esh-Sheikh, "the chief
mountain," and Jebel eth-Thelj, "snowy mountain." When the
whole country is parched with the summer sun, white lines of
snow streak the head of Hermon. This mountain was the great
landmark of the Israelites. It was associated with their
northern border almost as intimately as the sea was with the
western. Hermon has three summits, situated like the angles of
a triangle, and about a quarter of a mile from each other. In
two passages of Scripture this mountain is called Baal-hermon,
(Judges 3:3; 1 Chronicles 5:23) possibly because Baal was there
worshipped. (It is more than probable that some part of Hermon
was the scene of the transfiguration, as it stands near
Caesarea Philippi, where we know Christ was just before that
event--ED.) The height of Hermon has never been measured,
though it has often been estimated. It may safely be reckoned
at 10,000 feet.
Hermonites, The
Properly "the Hermons," with reference to the three summits of
Mount Hermon. (Psalms 42:6) (Psal 42:7).
Herod
(hero-like). This family though of Idumean origin and thus
alien by race, was Jewish in faith. I. HEROD THE GREAT was the
second son of Antipater, an Idumean, who was appointed
procurator of Judea by Julius Caesar, B.C. 47. Immediately
after his father's elevation when only fifteen years old, he
received the government of Galilee and shortly afterward that
of Coele-Syria. Though Josephus says he was 15 years old at
this time, it is generally conceded that there must be some
mistake, as he lived to be 69 or 70 years old, and died B.C. 4;
hence he must have been 25 years old at this time.--ED.) In
B.C. 41 he was appointed by Antony tetrarch of Judea. Forced to
abandon Judea the following year, he fled to Rome, and received
the appointment of king of Judea. In the course of a few years,
by the help of the Romans he took Jerusalem (B.C. 37), and
completely established his authority throughout his dominions.
The terrible acts of bloodshed which Herod perpetrated in his
own family were accompanied by others among his subjects
equally terrible, from the number who fell victims to them.
According to the well-known story) he ordered the nobles whom
he had called to him in his last moment to be executed
immediately after his decease, that so at least his death might
be attended by universal mourning. It was at the time of his
fatal illness that he must have caused the slaughter of the
infants at Bethlehem. (Matthew 2:16-18) He adorned Jerusalem
with many splendid monuments of his taste and magnificence. The
temple, which he built with scrupulous care, was the greatest
of these works. The restoration was begun B.C. 20, and the
temple itself was completed in a year and a half. But fresh
additions were constantly made in succeeding years, so that it
was said that the temple was "built in forty and six years,"
(John 2:20) the work continued long after Herod's death. (Herod
died of a terrible disease at Jericho, in April, B.C. 4, at the
age of 69, after a long reign of 37 years.--ED.) II. HEROD
[612]Antipas, [613]Antipas was the son of Herod the Great by
Malthake, a Samaritan. He first married a daughter of Aretas,
"king of Arabia Petraea," but afterward Herodias, the wife of
his half-brother, Herod Philip. Aretas, indignant at the insult
offered to his daughter, found a pretext for invading the
territory of Herod, and defeated him with great loss. This
defeat, according to the famous passage in Josephus, was
attributed by many to the murder of John the Baptist, which had
been committed by Antipas shortly before, under the influence
of Herodias. (Matthew 14:4) ff.; Mark 6:17 ff.; Luke 3:19 At a
later time the ambition of Herodias proved the cause of her
husband's ruin. She urged him to go to Rome to gain the title
of king, cf. (Mark 6:14) but he was opposed at the court of
Caligula by the emissaries of Agrippa, and condemned to
perpetual banishment at Lugdunum, A.D. 39. Herodias voluntarily
shared his punishment, and he died in exile. Pilate took
occasion from our Lord's residence in Galilee to bend him for
examination, (Luke 23:6) ff., to Herod Antipas, who came up to
Jerusalem to celebrate the Passover. The city of Tiberias,
which Antipas founded and named in honor of the emperor, was
the most conspicuous monument of his long reign. III. HEROD
PHILIP I. (Philip,) (Mark 6:17) was the son of Herod the Great
and Mariamne. He married Herodias the sister of Agrippa I by
whom he had a daughter, Salome. He was excluded from all share
in his father's possessions in consequence of his mother's
treachery, and lived afterward in a private station. IV. HEROD
PHILIP II. was the son of Herod the Great and Cleopatra. He
received as his own government Batanea Trachonitis, Auramtis
(Gaulanitis), and some parts about Jamnia, with the title of
tetrarch. Luke 3:1. He built a new city on the site of Paneas,
near the sources of the Jordan, which be called Caesarea
Philippi, (Matthew 16:13; Mark 8:27) and raised Bethsaida to
the rank of a city under the title of Julias and died there
A.D. 34. He married Salome, the daughter of Herod Philip I. and
Herodias. V. HEROD AGRIPPA I. was the son of Aristobulus and
Berenice, and grandson of Herod the Great. He was brought up at
Rome, and was thrown into prison by Tiberius, where he remained
till the accession of Caligula, who made him king, first of the
tetrarchy of Philip and Lysanias; afterward the dominions of
Antipas were added, and finally Judea and Samaria. Unlike his
predessors, Agrippa was a strict observer of the law, and he
sought with success the favor of the Jews. It is probable that
it was with this view he put to death James the son of Zebedee,
and further imprisoned Peter. (Acts 12:1) ff. But his sudden
death interrupted his ambitious projects. (Acts 12:21,23) VI.
HEROD AGRIPPA II--was the son of Herod Agrippa I. In A.D. 62
the emperor gave him the tetrarches formerly held by Philip and
Lysanias, with the title of king. (Acts 25:13) The relation in
which he stood to his sister Berenice, (Acts 25:13) was the
cause of grave suspicion. It was before him that Paul was
tried. (Acts 26:28)
Herodians
(from Herod). (Matthew 22:15) ff.; Mark 12:13 ff. Canon Cook
describes these persons as "that party among the Jews who were
supporters of the Herodian family as the last hope of retaining
for the Jews a fragment of national government, as
distinguished from absolute dependence upon Rome as a province
of the empire. Supporters of the family of Herod, who held
their dominions by the grant of the Roman emperor, would be in
favor of paying tribute to the supreme power. (Matthew 22:16)
Herodias
daughter of Aristobulus, one of the sons of Mariamne and Herod
the Great, and consequently sister of Agrippa I. She first
married Herod Philip I.; then she eloped from him to marry
Herod Antipas her step-uncle. The head of John the Baptist was
granted at the request of Herodias. (Matthew 14:8-11; Mark
6:24-28) (A.D. 29.) She accompanied Antipas into exile to
Lugdunum
Herodion
a relative of St. Paul, to whom he sends his salutation amongst
the Christians of the Roman church. (Romans 16:11) (A.D. 55.)
Heron
(Leviticus 11:19; 14:18) a common large, wading, unclean bird.
Nearly all of the species known in English ornithology are
found in the vicinity of Palestine. Canon Cook and others think
the bird intended is the plover (Charadrius aedicnemus), a
greedy, thick kneed, high-flying migratory bird, very common in
the East, on the banks of rivers and shores of lakes.--ED.
Hesed
(kindness), the son of Hesed or Ben-Chesed, was commissary for
Solomon. (1 Kings 4:10) (B.C. about 995.)
Heshbon
(stronghold), the capital city of Sihon king of the Amorites.
(Numbers 21:26) It stood on the western border of the high
plain--Mishor, (Joshua 13:17)--and on the boundary line between
the tribes of Reuben and Gad. The ruins of Hesban, 20 miles
east of the Jordan, on the parallel of the northern end of the
Dead Sea mark the site, as they bear the name; of the ancient
Heshbon. There are many cisterns among the ruins. Comp. (Song
of Solomon 7:4)
Heshmon
(rich soil), a place named, with others, as lying in the
extreme south of Judah. (Joshua 15:27)
Hesron, Hezron
(enclosed), the son of Reuben, (Numbers 26:6) and ancestor of
the Hezronites. (B.C. about 1700.)
Heth
(terror), the forefather of the nation of the Hittites. In the
genealogical tables of (Genesis 10:15) and 1Chr 1:13 Heth is a
son of Canaan. (Genesis 24:3,4; 28:1,2)
Hethlon
(hiding-place), the name of a place on the northern border of
Palestine. (Ezekiel 47:15; 48:1) In all probability the "way of
Hethlon" is the pass at the northern end of Lebanon, and is
thus identical with "the entrance of Hamath" in (Numbers 34:8)
etc.
Hezeki
(strong), a Benjamite, one of the Bene-Elpaal, a descendant of
Shaaraim. (1 Chronicles 8:17) (B.C. 598.)
Hezekiah
(the might of Jehovah).
+ Twelfth king of Judah, son of the apostate Ahaz and Abi or
Abijah, ascended the throne at the age of 25, B.C. 726.
Hezekiah was one of the three most perfect kings of Judah. (2
Kings 18:5) Ecclus. 49:4. His first act was to purge and
repair and reopen with splendid sacrifices and perfect
ceremonial the temple. He also destroyed a brazen serpent,
said to have been the one used by Moses in the miraculous
healing of the Israelites, (Numbers 21:9) which had become an
object of adoration. When the kingdom of Israel had fallen,
Hezekiah invited the scattered inhabitants to a peculiar
passover, which was continued for the unprecedented period of
fourteen days. (2 Chronicles 29:30,31) At the head of a
repentant and united people, Hezekiah ventured to assume the
aggressive against the Philistines and in a series of
victories not only rewon the cities which his father had
lost, (2 Chronicles 28:18) but even dispossessed them of
their own cities except Gaza, (2 Kings 18:8) and Gath. He
refused to acknowledge the supremacy of Assyria. (2 Kings
18:7) Instant war was imminent and Hezekiah used every
available means to strengthen himself. (2 Kings 20:20) It was
probably at this dangerous crisis in his kingdom that we find
him sick and sending for Isaiah, who prophesies death as the
result. (2 Kings 20:1) Hezekiah's prayer for longer life is
heard. The prophet had hardly left the palace when he was
ordered to return and promise the king immediate recovery and
fifteen years more of life. (2 Kings 20:4) An embassy coming
from Babylon ostensibly to compliment Hezekiah on his
convalescence, but really to form an alliance between the two
powers, is favorably received by the king, who shows them the
treasures which he had accumulated. For this Isaiah foretells
the punishment that shall befall his house. (2 Kings 20:17)
The two invasions of Sennacherib occupy the greater part of
the scripture records concerning the reign of Hezekiah. The
first of these took place in the third year of Sennacherib,
B.C. 702, and occupies only three verses. (2 Kings 18:13-16)
Respecting the commencement of the second invasion we have
full details in (2 Kings 18:17) seq.; 2Chr 32:9 seq.; Isai
36:1 ... Sennacherib sent against Jerusalem an army under two
officers and his cupbearer, the orator Rabshakeh, with a
blasphemous and insulting summons to surrender; but Isaiah
assures the king he need not fear, promising to disperse the
enemy. (2 Kings 19:6,7) Accordingly that night "the angel of
the Lord went out, and smote in the camp of the Assyrians a
hundred fourscore and five thousand." Hezekiah only lived to
enjoy for about one year more his well-earned peace and
glory. He slept with his fathers after a reign of twenty-nine
years, in the 56th year of his age, B.C. 697.
+ Son of Neariah, one of the descendants of the royal family of
Judah. (1 Chronicles 3:23)
+ The same name, though rendered in the Authorized Version
[614]Hizkiah, is found in (Zephaniah 1:1)
+ Ater of Hezekiah. [[615]Ater]
Hezion
(vision), a king of Aram (Syria), father of Tabrimon and
grandfather of Ben-hadad I. (1 Kings 15:18) He is probably
identical with [616]Rezon, the contemporary of Solomon, in (1
Kings 11:23) (B.C. before 928.)
Hezir
(Swine).
+ A priest in the time of David, leader of the seventeenth
monthly course in the service. (1 Chronicles 24:15) (B.C.
1014.)
+ One of the heads of the people (lay-men) who sealed the
solemn covenant with Nehemiah. (Nehemiah 10:20) (B.C. 410.)
Hezrai
(enclosed), one of the thirty heroes of David's guard. (2
Samuel 23:35) (B.C. 1046.) In the parallel list, (1 Chronicles
11:37) the name appears as HEZRO.
Hezron
(surrounded by a wall).
+ A son of Reuben. (Genesis 46:9; Exodus 6:14)
+ A son of Pharez. (Genesis 46:12; Ruth 4:18)
Hezronites
(descendants of Hezron), The.
+ Descendants of Hezron the son of Reuben. (Numbers 26:6)
+ A branch of the tribe of Judah, descendants of Hezron the son
of Pharez. (Numbers 26:21)
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Hiddai
(for the rejoicing of Jehovah), one of the thirty-seven heroes
of David's guard. (2 Samuel 23:30) (B.C. 1046.)
Hiddekel
(rapid), one of the rivers of Eden, the river which "goeth
eastward to Assyria," (Genesis 2:14) and which Daniel calls
"the great river," (Daniel 10:4) seems to have been rightly
identified by the LXX. with the Tigris. Dekel is clearly an
equivalent of Digla or Dighath, a name borne by the Tigris in
all ages. The name now in use among the inhabitants of
Mesopotamia is Dijleh .
Hiel
(God liveth), a native of Bethel, who rebuilt Jericho in the
reign of Ahab, (1 Kings 16:34) (B.C. after 915), and in whom
was fulfilled the curse pronounced by Joshua, (Joshua 6:26)
five hundred years before.
Hierapolis
(holy city), a city of Phrygia, situated above the junction of
the rivers Lycus and Maeander, near Colossae and Laodicea
mentioned only in (Colossians 4:13) as the seat of a church
probably founded by Epaphras.
Higgaion
(meditation), a word which occurs three times in the book of
Psalms-- (Psalms 9:16; 19:14; 92:3) (margin). The word has two
meanings, one of a general character, implying thought;
reflection, and another, in (Psalms 9:16) and Psal 92:3 Of a
technical nature, the precise meaning of which cannot at this
distance of time be determined. (Canon Cook says that it
probably means an interlude giving musical expression to the
feelings suggested by the preceding words.--ED.)
High Places6813 Priest
The first distinct separation of Aaron to the office of the
priesthood, which previously belonged to the first-born was
that recorded (Exodus 28:1) ... We find from the very first the
following characteristic attributes of Aaron and the high
priests his successors, as distinguished from the other
priests: Aaron alone was anointed, (Leviticus 8:12) whence one
of the distinctive epithets of the high priest was "the
anointed priest." (Leviticus 4:3,5,16; 21:10) see (Numbers
35:25) The anointing of the sons of Aaron, i.e. the common
priests seems to have been confined to sprinkling their
garments with the anointing oil. (Exodus 29:21; 28:41) etc. The
high priest had a peculiar dress, which passed to his successor
at his death. This dress consisted of eight parts: (a) The
breastplate, or, as it is further named, vs. (Exodus
28:15,29,30) the breastplate of judgment. The breastplate was
originally two spans long and one span broad, but when doubled
it was square, the shape in which it was worn. On it were the
twelve precious stones, set in four rows, three in a row, thus
corresponding to the twelve tribes--each stone having the name
of one of the children of Israel engraved upon it. (b) The
ephod . This consisted of two parts, of which one covered the
back and the other the front, i.e. the breast and upper part of
the body. These parts were clasped together on the shoulder
with two large onyx stones, each having engraved on it six of
the names of the tribes of Israel. They were further united by
a "curious girdle" of gold blue purple, scarlet and fine twined
linen round the waist. [[617]Ephod; [618]Girdle] (C) The robe
of the ephod. This was of inferior material to the ephod itself
being all of blue, ver. 31, which implied its being only of
"woven work." ch. (Exodus 39:22) It was worn immediately under
the ephod, and was longer than it. The skirt of this robe had a
remarkable trimming of pomegranates in blue, red and crimson,
with a bell of gold between each pomegranate alternately. The
bells were to give a sound when the high priest went in and
came out of the holy place. (d) The mitre or upper turbin, with
its gold plate, engraved with "Holiness to the Lord," fastened
to it by a ribbon of blue. (e) The broidered coat was a tunic
or long skirt of linen with a tessellated or diaper pattern,
like the setting of stone. (f) The girdle, also of linen, was
wound round the body several times from the breast downward,
and the ends hung down to the ankles. (g) The breeches or
drawers, of linen, covered the loins and thighs; and (h) The
bonnet was a turban of linen, partially covering the head, but
not in the form of a cone like that of the high priest when the
mitre was added to it. These last four were common to all
priests. The high priest alone was permitted to enter the holy
of holies, which he did once a year, on the great day of
atonement, when he sprinkled the blood of the sin offering on
the mercy seat, and burnt incense within the veil (Leviticus
16:1) ... The manslayer might not leave the city of refuge
during the lifetime of the existing high priest. It was also
forbidden to the high priest to follow a funeral, or rend his
clothes for the dead. It does not appear by whose authority the
high priests were appointed to their office before there were
kings of Israel. After this the office seems to have been used
for political rather than religious purposes. Though at first
chosen for life, we find that Solomon deposed Abiathar, (1
Kings 2:35) and that Herod appointed a number of high priests,
which may account for there being at least two living in
Christ's time, Annas and Caiaphas. (Luke 3:2) The usual are for
entering upon the functions of the priesthood, according to (2
Chronicles 31:17) is considered to have been 20 years, though a
priest or high priest was not actually incapacitated if he had
attained to puberty. Again, according to (Leviticus 21:17-21)
no one that had a blemish could officiate at the altar. The
theological view of the high priesthood does not fall within
the scope of this work. It must suffice therefore to indicate
that such a view would embrace the consideration of the office,
dress, functions and ministrations of the high priest
considered as typical of the priesthood of our Lord Jesus
Christ, and as setting forth under shadows the truths which are
openly taught under the gospel. This had been done to a great
extent in the Epistle to the Hebrews. It would also embrace all
the moral and spiritual teaching supposed to be intended by
such symbols.
Highways
Though during the sway of the Romans over Palestine they made a
few substantial roads for their carts and chariots, yet for the
most of the time, as today, the Jews had nothing such as we
call roads, but only footpaths through which animals walk in
single file. These are never cared for, no repairs are made or
obstacles removed. This fact brings into striking prominence
the figure of repairing a highway for the return Of the
captives, or the coming of the great King. On special occasions
kings had roads prepared for the progress of their armies, or
their own going from place to place.--ED.
Hilen
(place of caves), the name of city of Judah allotted with its
suburbs to the priests. (1 Chronicles 6:58)
Hilkiah
(God is my portion)
+ Father of Eliakim. (2 Kings 18:37; Isaiah 22:20; 36:22)
[[619]Eliakim]
+ High priest in the reign of Josiah. (2 Kings 22:4) seq. 2Chr
34:9 Seq.; 1 Esd. 1:8. (B.C. 623.) His high priesthood was
rendered particularly illustrious by the great reformation
effected under it by King Josiah, by the solemn Passover kept
at Jerusalem in the 18th year of that king's reign, and above
all by the discovery which he made of the book of the law of
Moses in the temple.
+ A Merarite Levite, son of Amzi (1 Chronicles 6:45) hebr. 30.
+ Another Merarite Levite, second son of Hosah. (1 Chronicles
26:11)
+ One of those who stood on the right hand of Ezra when he read
the law to the people; doubtless a Levite, and probably a
priest. (Nehemiah 8:4) (B.C 410.)
+ A priest of Anathoth, father of the prophet Jeremiah.
(Jeremiah 1:1) (B.C. before 628.)
+ Father of Gemariah, who was one of Zedekiah's envoys to
Babylon. (Jeremiah 29:3) (B.C. long before 587.)
Hillel
(praise), a native of Pirathon in Mount Ephraim, father of
Abdon, one of the judges of Israel. (Judges 12:13,15)
Hills
From the Hebrew Gibeah, meaning a curved round hill. But our
translators have also employed the same English word for the
very different term har, which has a much more extended sense
than gibeah, meaning a whole district. For instance, in (Exodus
24:4) the "hill" is the same which is elsewhere in the same
chapter, vs. (Exodus 24:12,13,18) etc., and book consistently
and accurately rendered "mount" and "mountain." The "country of
the hills," in (1:7; Joshua 9:1; 10:40; 11:16) is the elevated
district of Judah, Benjamin and Ephraim, which is correctly
called "the mountain" in the earliest descriptions of
Palestine, (Numbers 13:29) and in many subsequent passages.
Hin
[[620]Weights And Measures AND [621]Measures]
Hind
the female of the common stag or Cervus elaphus . It is
frequently noticed in the poetical parts of Scripture as
emblematic of activity, (Genesis 49:21; Psalms 18:33)
gentleness, (Proverbs 5:19) feminine modesty, (Song of Solomon
2:7; 3:5) earnest longing, (Psalms 42:1) and maternal
affection. (Jeremiah 14:5) Its shyness and remoteness from the
haunts of men are also alluded to, (Job 39:1) and its timidity,
causing it to cast its young at the sound of thunder. (Psalms
29:9)
Hinge
Both ancient Egyptian and modern Oriental doors were and are
hung by means of pivots turning in sockets on both the upper
and lower sides. (1 Kings 7:50) In Syria, and especially the
Hauran, there are many ancient doors consisting of stone slabs
with pivots carved out of the same piece, inserted in sockets
above and below, and fixed during the building of the house.
The allusion in (Proverbs 26:14) is thus clearly explained.
Hinnom
(lamentation), Valley of, otherwise called "the valley of the
son" or "children of Hinnom," a deep and narrow ravine, with
steep, rocky sides, to the south and west of Jerusalem,
separating Mount Zion to the north from the "hill of evil
counsel," and the sloping rocky plateau of the "plain of
Rephaim" to the south. The earliest mention of the valley of
Hinnom is in (Joshua 15:8; 18:16) where the boundary line
between the tribes of Judah and Benjamin is described as
passing along the bed of the ravine. On the southern brow,
overlooking the valley at its eastern extremity Solomon erected
high places for Molech, (1 Kings 11:7) whose horrid rites were
revived from time to time in the same vicinity the later
idolatrous kings. Ahaz and Manasseh made their children "pass
through the fire" in this valley, (2 Kings 16:3; 2 Chronicles
28:3; 33:6) and the fiendish custom of infant sacrifice to the
fire-gods seems to have been kept up in Tophet, which was
another name for this place. To put an end to these
abominations the place was polluted by Josiah, who renders it
ceremonially unclean by spreading over it human bones and other
corruptions, (2 Kings 23:10,13,14; 2 Chronicles 34:4,5) from
which time it appears to have become the common cesspool of the
city, into which sewage was conducted, to be carried off by the
waters of the Kidron. From its ceremonial defilement, and from
the detested and abominable fire of Molech, if not from the
supposed ever-burning funeral piles, the later Jews applied the
name of this valley--Ge Hinnom, Gehenna (land of Hinnom)--to
denote the place of eternal torment. In this sense the word is
used by our Lord. (Matthew 5:29; 10:28; 23:15; Mark 9:43; Luke
12:5)
Hippopotamus
[[622]Behemoth]
Hirah
(a noble race), an Adullamite, the friend of Judah. (Genesis
38:1,12) and see Genesis38:20
Hiram, Or Huram
(noble).
+ The king of Tyre who sent workmen and materials to Jerusalem,
first, (2 Samuel 5:11; 1 Chronicles 14:1) to build a palace
for David (B.C. 1064), whom he ever loved, (1 Kings 5:1) and
again, 1Kin 5:10; 7:13; 2Chr 2:16 To build the temple for
Solomon, with whom he had a treaty of peace and commerce (1
Kings 5:11,12) He admitted Solomon's ships issuing from
Joppa, to a share in the profitable trade of the
Mediterranean, (1 Kings 10:22) and the Jewish sailors, under
the guidance of Tyrians, were taught to bring the gold of
India, (1 Kings 9:26) to Solomon's two harbors on the Red
Sea.
+ Hiram was the name of a man of mixed race, (1 Kings 7:13,40)
the principal architect and engineer sent by King Hiram to
Solomon.
Hittits
(descendans of Heth), The, the nation descended from Cheth
(Authorized Version [623]Heth), the second son of Canaan.
Abraham bought from the "children of Heth" the field and the
cave of Machpelah, belonging to Ephron the Hittite. 'They were
then settled at the town which was afterwards, under its new
name of Hebron, to become one of the most famous cities of
Palestine, and which then bore the name of Kir-jath-arba.
(Genesis 23:19; 25:9) When the Israelites entered the promised
land, we find the Hittites taking part against the invader, in
equal alliance with the other Canaanite tribes. (Joshua 9:1;
11:3) etc. Henceforward the notices of the Hittites are very
few and faint. We meet with two individuals, both attached to
the person of David--
+ "Ahimelech the Hittite," (1 Samuel 26:6)
+ Uriah the Hittite," one of "the thirty" of David's
body-guard. (2 Samuel 23:39; 1 Chronicles 11:41)
Hivites
(villagers), The, descendants--the six in order-- of Canaan the
son of Ham. (Genesis 10:17; 1 Chronicles 1:15) We first
encounter the actual people of the Hivites at the time of
Jacob's return to Canaan. (Genesis 34:2) We next meet with the
Hivites during the conquest of Canaan. (Joshua 9:7; 11:19) The
main body of the Hivites were at this time living in the
northern confines of western Palestine-- "under Hermon, in the
land of Mizpeh," (Joshua 11:3)--"in Mount Lebanon, from Mount
Baal Hermon to the entering in of Hamath." (Judges 3:3) comp.
2Sam 24:7
Hizkiah
(might of Jehovah), an ancestor of Zephaniah the prophet.
(Zephaniah 1:1) (B.C. before 635.)
Hizkljah
(might of Jehovah), one of those. who sealed the covenant with
Nehemiah. (Nehemiah 10:17) (B.C. 410.)
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Hobab
(beloved). This name is found in two places only (Numbers
10:29; Judges 4:11) Hobab was brother-in-law to Moses. (B.C.
1530.)
Hobah
(hiding-place), the place to which Abraham pursued the kings
who had pillaged Sodom. (Genesis 14:15) It was situated "to the
north of Damascus."
Hod
(splendor), one of the sons of Zophah, among the descendants of
Asher. (1 Chronicles 7:37)
Hodaiah
(Praise ye Jehovah), son of the royal line of Judah. (1
Chronicles 3:24) (B.C. about 406.)
Hodaviah
(Praise ye Jehovah).
+ A man of Manasseh, one of the heads of the half tribe on the
east of Jordan (1 Chronicles 5:24) (B.C. 720.)
+ A man of Benjamin, son of Has-senuah. (1 Chronicles 9:7)
+ A Levite, who seems to have given his name to an important
family in the tribe. (Ezra 2:40) (B.C. before 536.)
Hodesh
(new moon), a woman named in the genealogies of Benjamin, (1
Chronicles 8:9) as the wife of Shaharaim.
Hodevah
(praise ye Jehovah). (Nehemiah 7:43) [[624]Hodaviah]
Hodiah
(majesty of Jehovah), one of the two wives of Ezra, a man of
Judah. (1 Chronicles 4:19) She is doubtless the same person as
Jehudijah in ver. 18.
Hodijah
(majesty of Jehovah).
+ A Levite in the time of Ezra and Nehemiah. (Nehemiah 8:7) and
probably also (Nehemiah 9:5; 10:10) (B.C. 410.)
+ Another Levite at the same time. (Nehemiah 10:13)
+ A layman; one of the "heads" of the people at the same time.
(Nehemiah 10:18)
Hoglah
(partridge), the third of the five daughters of Zelophehad.
(Numbers 26:33; 27:1; 36:11; Joshua 17:3) (B.C. 1450.)
Hoham
(whom Jehovah impels), king of Hebron at the time of the
conquest of Canaan. (Joshua 10:3) (B.C. 1450.)
Holofernes
or more correctly OLOFERNES, was, according to the book of
Judith, a general of Nebuchadnezzar king of the Assyrians.,
Judith 2:4, who was slain by the Jewish heroine Judith during
the siege of Bethulia. (B.C. 350.)
Holon
(sandy).
+ A town in the mountains of Judah. One of the first group, of
which Debir was apparently the most considerable. (Joshua
15:51; 21:15) [[625]Hilen]
+ A city of Moab. (Jeremiah 48:21) only. No identification of
it has yet taken place.
Homam
(destruction), the form under which, in (1 Chronicles 1:39) an
Edomite name appears which in (Genesis 36:22) is given
[626]Hemam.
Homer
[[627]Weights And Measures AND [628]Measures]
Honey
The Hebrew debash in the first place applied to the product of
the bee, to which exclusively we give the name of honey. All
travellers agree in describing Palestine as a land "flowing
with milk and honey," (Exodus 3:8) bees being abundant even in
the remote parts of the wilderness, where they deposit their
honey in the crevices of rocks or in hollow trees. In some
parts of northern Arabia the hills are so well stocked with
bees that no sooner are hives placed than they are occupied. In
the second place the term debash applies to a decoction of the
juice of the grape, which is still called dibs, and which forms
an article of commerce in the East, it was this, and not
ordinary bee-honey, which Jacob sent to Joseph, (Genesis 43:11)
and which the Tyrians purchased from Palestine. (Ezekiel 27:17)
A third kind has been described by some writers as a
"vegetable" honey, by which is meant the exudations of certain
trees and shrubs, such as the Tamarix mannifera, found in the
peninsula of Sinai, or the stunted oaks of Luristan and
Mesopotamia . The honey which Jonathan ate in the wood, (1
Samuel 14:25) and the "wild honey" which supported John the
Baptist, (Matthew 3:42) have been referred to this species. But
it was probably the honey of wild bees.
Hook, Hooks
Various kinds of hooks are noticed in the Bible, of which the
following are the most important:
+ Fishing hooks. (Job 41:2; Isaiah 19:8); Habb 1:15
+ A ring, such as in our country is placed through the nose of
a bull, and similarly used in the East for leading about
lions-- (Ezekiel 19:4) where the Authorized Version has "with
chains--camels and other animals. Called "thorn" in (Job
41:2) A similar method was adopted for leading prisoners. (2
Chronicles 33:11)
+ The hooks of the pillars of the tabernacle. (Exodus 26:32,37;
27:10) ff.; Exod 38:13 ff.
+ A vinedressers pruning-hook. (Isaiah 2:4; 18:5; Micah 4:3;
Joel 3:10)
+ A flesh-hook for getting up the joints of meat out of the
boiling-pot. (Exodus 27:3; 1 Samuel 2:13,14)
+ Probably "hooks" used for the purpose of hanging up animals
to flay them. (Ezekiel 40:43)
Hophni
(pugilist) and [629]Phinehas (brazen mouth), the two sons of
Eli, who fulfilled their hereditary sacerdotal duties at
Shiloh. Their brutal rapacity and lust, (1 Samuel 2:12-17,22)
filled the people with disgust and indignation, and provoked
the curse which was denounced against their father's house,
first by an unknown prophet, (1 Samuel 2:27-36) and then by
Samuel. ch. (1 Samuel 3:11-14) They were both cut off in one
day in the flower of their age, and the ark which they had
accompanied to battle against the Philistines was lost on the
same occasion. (1 Samuel 4:10,11) (B.C. 1130.)
Hor
(mountain), Mount.
+ The mountain on which Aaron died. (Numbers 20:25,27) It was
"on the boundary line," (Numbers 20:23) or "at the edge," ch.
(Numbers 33:37) of the land of Edom. It was the halting-place
of the people next after Kadesh, ch. (Numbers 20:22; 33:37)
and they quitted it for Zalmonah, ch. (Numbers 33:41) in the
road to the Red Sea. ch. (Numbers 21:4) It was during the
encampment at Kadesh that Aaron was gathered to his fathers.
Mount Hor is situated on the eastern side of the great valley
of the Arabah, the highest and most conspicuous of the whole
range of the sandstone mountains of Edom, having close
beneath it on its: eastern side the mysterious; city of
Petra. It is now the Jebel Nebi-Harim "the mountain of the
prophet Aaron." Its height is 4800 feet above the
Mediterranean; that is to say, about 1700 feet above the town
of Petra, 4800 above the level of the Arabah, and more than
6000 above the Dead Sea. The mountain is marked far and near
by its double top, which rises like a huge castellated
building from a lower base, and is surmounted by a circular
dome of the tomb of Aaron, a distinct white spot on the dark
red surface of the mountain. The chief interest of Mount Hor
consists in the prospect from its summit, the last view of
Aaron--that view which was to him what Pisgah was to his
brother.
+ A mountain, entirely distinct from the preceding, named in
(Numbers 34:7,8) only, as one of the marks of the northern
boundary of the land which the children of Israel were about
to conquer. This Mount Hor is the great chain of Lebanon
itself.
Horam
(mountainous), king of Gezer at the time of the conquest of the
southwestern part of Palestine. (Joshua 10:33)
Horeb
(desert). [[630]Sinai, Or Sinai]
Horem
(sacred), one of the fortified places in the territory of
Naphtali; named with Iron and Migdalel. (Joshua 19:38) Van
Deuteronomy Velde suggests Hurah as the site of Horem.
Horhagidgad
(conspicous mountain), the name of the desert station where the
Israelites encamped, (Numbers 33:32) probably the same as
Gudgodah. (10:7)
Hori
(cave-dweller).
+ A Horite, son of Lotan the son of Seir. (Genesis 36:22; 1
Chronicles 1:39; Genesis 36:30)
+ A man of Simeon, father of Shaphat. (Numbers 13:5)
Horim
and Ho'rites (descendants of Hori), the aboriginal inhabitants
of Mount Seir, (Genesis 14:6) and probably allied to the Emim
and Raphaim. The name Horite appears to have been derived from
their habits as "cave-dwellers" Their excavated dwellings are
still found in hundreds in the sandstone cliffs and mountains
of Edom, and especially in Petra.
Hormah
(a place laid waste), or [631]Zephath, (Judges 1:17) was the
chief town of a king of a Canaanitish tribe on the south of
Palestine, which was reduced by Joshua, and became a city of
the territory of Judah, (Joshua 15:30; 1 Samuel 30:30) but
apparently belonged to Simeon. (1 Chronicles 4:30)
Horn
The word "horn" is often used metaphorically to signify
strength and honor, because horns are the chief weapons and
ornaments of the animals which possess them; hence they are
also used as a type of victory. Of strength the horn of the
unicorn was the most frequent representative, (33:17) etc., but
not always; comp. (1 Kings 22:11) where probably horns of iron,
worn defiantly and symbolically on the head, are intended.
Among the Druses upon Mount Lebanon the married women wear
silver horns on their heads. In the sense of honor, the word
horn stands for the abstract "my horn," (Job 16:16) "all the
horn of Israel," (1 Samuel 2:3) and so for the supreme
authority. It also stands for the concrete, whence it comes to
mean king, kingdom. (Daniel 8:2) etc.; Zech 1:18 Out of either
or both of these last two metaphors sprang the idea of
representing gods with horns.
Hornet
The hornet bears a general resemblance to the common wasp, only
it is larger. It is exceedingly fierce and voracious,
especially in hot climates and its sting is frequently
dangerous. In Scripture the hornet is referred to only by the
means which Jehovah employed for the extirpation of the
Canaanites. (Exodus 23:28; 7:20; Joshua 24:12) Wisd. 12:8. (It
is said that the Phaselitae, a Phoenician people, were driven
from their locality by hornets; and other examples are given in
Paxton's "Illustrations of Scripture," 1:303.--ED.)
Horonaim
(two caverns), a town of Moab, possibly a sanctuary, named with
Zoar and Luhith. (Isaiah 15:5; Jeremiah 48:3,5,34)
Horonite
(native of Horonaim), The, the designation of Sanballat.
(Nehemiah 2:10,19; 13:28) It is derived by Gesenius from
Horonaim.
Horse
The most striking feature in the biblical notices of the horse
is the exclusive application of it to warlike operations; in no
instance is that useful animal employed for the purposes of
ordinary locomotion or agriculture, if we except (Isaiah 28:28)
The animated description of the horse in (Job 39:19-25) applies
solely to the war-horse. The Hebrews in the patriarchal age, as
a pastoral race, did not stand in need of the services Of the
horse, and for a long period after their settlement in Canaan
they dispensed with it, partly in consequence of the hilly
nature of the country, which only admitted of the use of
chariots in certain localities, (Judges 1:19) and partly in
consequence to the prohibition in (17:16) which would be held
to apply at all periods. David first established a force of
cavalry and chariots, (2 Samuel 8:4) but the great supply of
horses was subsequently effected by Solomon through his
connection with Egypt. (1 Kings 4:26) Solomon also established
a very active trade in horses, which were brought by dealers
out of Egypt and resold, at a profit, to the Hittites. With
regard to the trappings and management of the horse we have
little information. The bridle was placed over the horse's
nose, (Isaiah 30:28) and a bit or curb is also mentioned. (2
Kings 19:28; Psalms 32:9; Proverbs 26:3; Isaiah 37:29) In the
Authorized Version it is incorrectly given "bridle," with the
exception of (Psalms 32:1) ... Saddles were not used until a
late period. The horses were not shod, and therefore hoofs are
hard "as flint," (Isaiah 5:28) were regarded as a great merit.
The chariot-horses were covered with embroider